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Paediatrics > Normal development and milestones > Flashcards

Normal development and milestones Flashcards

1
Q

When does the anterior fontanelle usually close?

A

10-24 months

Later if premature

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2
Q

When does the posterior fontanelle usually close?

A

2 months

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3
Q

What is the normal diameter of the anterior fontenelle in the first 6 months of life?

A

3-6cm

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5
Q

What is the normal diameter of the posterior fontanelle?

A

1-1.5cm

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6
Q

What is the definition of IUGR?

A

Alteration of normal foetal growth characterised by an estimated foetal weight below the 10th percentile

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7
Q

What is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex and when does it resolve?

A

The infant’s head is turned to one side → extension of the infant’s ipsilateral arm and leg, with flexion of the contralateral arm and leg (fencing posture)

3-4 months

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8
Q

What is the stepping reflex and when does it usually resolve?

A

Holding the infant in an upright position and lowering him/her to bring the feet in contact with the examining table → stepping motion

2 months

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10
Q

What is the moro reflex and when does it usually resolve?

A

The startle reflex

3-6 months

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11
Q

What is the plantar grasp reflex and when does it usually resolve?

A

The infant’s foot is stroked from the toe to the heel → plantar flexion (curling in) of the infant’s toes

3 months

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12
Q

What is the galant reflex and when does it usually resolve?

A

Stroke the paravertebral region → ipsilateral rotation of the hip

4-6 months

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13
Q

What is the palmar grasp reflex and when does it usually resolve?

A

The infant’s palm is stroked horizontally → closure of it’s palm

3-6 months

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15
Q

What are the three feeding reflexes?

A
  1. Rooting reflex ( the cheek of the infant is stroked → the infant turns its head to the ipsilateral side and opens its mouth)
  2. Sucking reflex (the roof of the infant’s mouth is touched with a finger → infant starts to suck the finger)
  3. Snout reflex (light pressure or tapping is applied on an infant’s closed lips of (midline) → puckering of lips)
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17
Q

What is the glabellar tap reflex and when does it usually resolve?

A

The root of the nose (glabella) is tapped → blinking with each tap

4-6 months

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18
Q

When does the Babinski reflex usually resolve in children?

A

12 months

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19
Q

The absence of the plantar and palmar reflex at birth may suggest what?

A

Cerebral palsy

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20
Q

At what age should children start focusing on faces?

A

2 weeks

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21
Q

At what age should children begin smiling?

A

8 weeks

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22
Q

At what age should children be turning their heads towards sounds and making coos and gurgling sounds?

A

8 weeks

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23
Q

What what age should children be holding their head up and beginning to push when lying on their tummy?

A

8 weeks

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24
Q

What what age should children be responding to their name?

A

6 months

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25
Q

At what age should children be able to roll over in both directions and sit without support?

A

6 months

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26
Q

At what age should children be saying “mama”, “dada” and exclamations like “uh-oh!”?

A

12 months

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27
Q

At what age should children say several single words?

A

18 months

28
Q

At what age should children be able to say and shake head “no”?

A

18 months

29
Q

At what age should childen have sentences of 2-4 words?

A

2 years

30
Q

For how long should infants be exclusively breastfed?

A

6 months

31
Q

When should solids be introduced to infants?

A

6 months

32
Q

When do infants begin toilet training?

A

18 months - 2 years

33
Q

When should infants be fully toilet trained by (dry by night)?

A

3-4 years

34
Q

By what age should birth weight have doubed?

A

4-5 months

35
Q

At what age should birth weight have tripled?

A

A year

36
Q

When do neonates regain weight lost after birth?

A

10-14 days

37
Q

Up to what age is it legally required that children use a booster seat in the car?

A

7

38
Q

What is echolalia?

A

Repetition of speech

May be a feature of ASD

39
Q

What is infantile colic?

A

Excessively unsettledness or crying (>3 hours/day > 3 days a week)

The child is otherwise well and thriving with no identifiable medical problem

40
Q

What is the difference between a cognitive impairment and a learning difficulty?

A

Cognitive impairment - generalised, often with an IQ < 70

Learning difficulty - specific to one area and a normal IQ

Terms are sometimes used interchangably

41
Q

What IQ range represents a mild cognitive impairment?

A

50-70

42
Q

What is dyslexia?

A

Specific learning difficulty with reading

Usually associated writing difficulty (dysgraphia), especially spelling

43
Q

What is dyscalculia?

A

Impaired arithmetic skills

44
Q

Specific laguage impairment is highly comorbid with which condition, which is often diagnosed later in childhood?

A

Dyslexia

45
Q

What are your differentials for developmental regresssion?

A

Autism spectrum disorder

Neurodegenerative disorders e.g. Rett’s syndrome

Inborn errors of metabolism

Structural brain disease

Infectious diseases

Psychiatric disease

Seizure disorders e.g., Lennoz-Gastaut

Trauma/injurt

Sensory deficits

Psychosocial

46
Q

What is the definition of overweight and obese in children?

A

Overweight: > 85th centile

Obese: > 95th centile

47
Q

What is the definition of an underweight child?

A

< 5th centile

48
Q

What is the definition of nocturnal enuresis?

A

Urinary incontinence during sleep in children 5 and over

49
Q

At what age are children able to sit unsupported?

A

6 months - curved back

9 months - straight back

50
Q

When do a child’s first teeth usually appear?

A

6-12 months

Incisors (front 4)

51
Q

What are the two types of breath holding spells?

A
  1. Blue (cyanotic breath holding)
  2. Pale spells (pallid breath holding)
    * Pallid: due to slow HR, may mimic a seizure*
52
Q

What are some of the milestones you would expect a 12 month old to have achieved?

A

Stand and walk holding on

Pull to standing

Pick up objects using pincer grip, grasp pencil

2 clear words

Shake head “no”

Babble frequently when alone

Point at wanted objects

Wave “bye”

53
Q

What are some of the milestones you would expect an 18 month old to have achieved?

A

Stand and walk alone well

Bend or crouch to pick up an object

Push a pram/cart

Walk backwards

Kick ball

Stack 2-3 blocks into a tower

Scribble with a pencil

4-8 clear words

Follow single instruction

Shows sense of self; says “no” or “mine”

Drink from a cup

Points to body parts, clothing and objects

Helps with dressing

Completes simple puzzles e.g., one or two shapes in holes

Plays correctly with toys e.g., making an airplane fly

54
Q

What are some of the milestones you would expect a 2 year old to have achieved?

A

Run

Throw a ball

Walk up and down steps, holding on

Jump

Scribble in circles with a crayon/pencil

20-50 clear words

2-3 word sentences

Names pictures and objects when asked

Follows two-step commands

Shows interest in books and stories

Uses a spoon

Early imaginative play

55
Q

What are some of the milestones you would expect a 6 month old to have achieved?

A

Lift head and chest of ground when lying down

Roll over side to side

Sit up with support

Stand with support

Reach for objects

Transfer objects from hand to hand

Laugh

Search for sound by turning head

Drink from cup with adult holding it

56
Q

What are some of the milestones you would expect a 3 month old to have achieved?

A

Lift head when lying on tummy

Head control when sitting

Kick

Follow objects with eyes

Tries to make sounds

Laugh

Responds to sound

Smiles

Active, visual interest in the world and people

57
Q

At what age can children wave?

A

9 months

58
Q

At what age do children start using a pincer grip?

A

9 months

59
Q

At what age can children start breathing through their mouth?

A

6 months

60
Q

At what age do you refer a child who cannot sit without support?

A

12 months

61
Q

At what age do you refer a child who cannot walk unaided?

A

18 months

Paediatrics (24 decks)

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