Normal breast anatomy

Question 1

How are breasts present in males?

Answer 1

rudimentary form

Question 2

What are the breasts?

Answer 2

highly modified sweat glands which are a 2nd sexual characteristic of females

Question 3

What factors affect breast size?

Answer 3

genetic, racial and diet

Question 4

axillary tail

Answer 4

part of breast extending towards axillary fossa

Question 5

What fascia does the breast lie on?

Answer 5

deep pectoral

Question 6

Function of rectomammary space

Answer 6

some degree of movement

Question 7

What attaches breast to dermis

Answer 7

suspensory ligament of cooper

Question 8

nipple

Answer 8

prominence of breast

Question 9

areola

Answer 9

pigmented area around the nipple

Question 10

How many lobules does each breast contain?

Answer 10

15-20

Question 11

What drains each lobule?

Answer 11

lactiferous duct

Question 12

Where do the lactiferous ducts open?

Answer 12

independently on the nipple

Question 13

Dilated portion of lactiferous duct

Answer 13

lactiferous sinus

Question 14

surface landmark of nipple

Answer 14

variable - 4th intercostal space

Question 15

Role of sebaceous glands in nipple and areola epithelium

Answer 15

protective lubricant

Question 16

4 quadrants of breast

Answer 16

superolateral and superomedial

inferolateral and inferomedial

Question 17

Use of quadrants of breast

Answer 17

describing pathology

Question 18

Mammary crests

Answer 18

appear in week 4 and extend from axilla to inguinal region

Question 19

Where do the mammary crests not disappear from?

Answer 19

pectoral region

Question 20

polymastia/amastia

Answer 20

extra/absent breast

Question 21

amastia/athelia

Answer 21

extra/absent nipple

Question 22

3 arteries to breast

Answer 22

thoraco-acromial
internal thoracic
lateral thoracic

Question 23

Sensory innervation of skin of breast

Answer 23

anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of 4th-6th intercostal nerves

Question 24

What do the nerves for sensory innervation of breast also carry?

Answer 24

sympathetic fibres to blood vessels and smooth muscle around nipple

Question 25

Describe the lymphatics of the breast

Answer 25

main spread for mets

highly branched and no valves

Question 26

Lymph from lateral part of breast drains to…

Answer 26

AXILLARY

can go straight to supraclavicular or inferior cervical

Question 27

lymph from medial quadrants drain..

Answer 27

parasternal or opposite breast

Question 28

sentinel node biopsy

Answer 28

radioisotope and dye injected to trace the 1st draining LN

Question 29

2 cells which line ducts and acini

Answer 29

myoepithelial

luminal epithelial

Question 30

Pre-puberty changes of the breast

Answer 30

lactiferous ducts but no alveoli - fat,

little branching of ducts

Question 31

Puberty changes in breast

Answer 31

lactiferous ducts branching
solid, spheroidal masses of alveoli
lipids accumulate in adipocytes

Question 32

post-menopausal changes in the breast

Answer 32

progressive atrophy of lobules and ducts

fatty replacement of glandular tissue

Question 33

colostrum

Answer 33

protein rich fluid, available few days birth - rich in maternal ab

Question 34

Breast changes in pregnancy

Answer 34

enlarged lobules
acini dilated
epithelium vary from cuboidal to low columnar

Question 35

Lactating breast histology

Answer 35

acini dilated with milk
thin septa between lobules
milk production

Question 36

Imaging breast

Answer 36

USS, mammogram

Question 37

2 diagnostic methods of the breast

Answer 37

FNAC, core biopsy

Question 38

Epidemiology of breast cancer

Answer 38

20% of all cancers in women, 1 in 8 risk

commonest cause of death in women 35-55

Question 39

Symptoms of breast cancer

Answer 39

skin dimpling 
abnormal contours 
oedema 
nipple retraction 
lump 
orange peel skin

Question 40

Benign breast tumours

Answer 40

fibroadenoma
cysts
connective tissue tumours
adenoma

Question 41

Pagets

Answer 41

erosion of nipple resembling eczema

Ductal or invasive carcinoma association