Basic physiology - male and female

Question 1

2 main functions of the male reproductive system

Answer 1

produce and transport sperm

production of androgens to support secondary sexual characteristics

Question 2

epididymis

Answer 2

mature sperm sit and wait for ejaculation

Question 3

semen

Answer 3

transports sperms and produces nutrients

Question 4

Where is semen produced?

Answer 4

60% seminal vesicle
30% prostate gland
5% bulbourethral gland

Question 5

How many million sperm/ml and how many ml of semen?

Answer 5

20-200

2-5

Question 6

What is the site of spermatogenesis?

Answer 6

seminiferous tubules

Question 7

7 Sertoli cell functions

Answer 7

support spermiation
form blood-testis barrier
isolate haploid secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa from immune system
physical movement of sperm towards lumen
provision of nutrients to sperm
remove wastes from developing sperm
remove excess cytoplasm following cell divisions

Question 8

Where do the seminiferous tubules join?

Answer 8

rete testis

Question 9

pathway for sperm in ejaculation

Answer 9

vas deferens-seminal vesicles-prostate-bulbourethral glands-urethra

Question 10

how long does the production of sperm last?

Answer 10

75 days

Question 11

When do sperm become motile?

Answer 11

in the storage phase in the epididymis

Question 12

How is a constant testicular temperature maintained?

Answer 12

arterial blood enters a dense capillary network

arterial blood cooled by venous blood

Question 13

6 factors affecting spermatogenesis

Answer 13

immunological reactions (auto-immune)
endocrine - reduced gonadotrophins, anabolic steroids
medication - chemo, anti depressants, anti hyppertensives
testis temperature - hyperthermia
loss of blood testis barrier
environment - smoking, alcohol

Question 14

Normal temperature of testis

Answer 14

2 degrees below body temp

Question 15

6 targets for androgens and their effects

Answer 15

systemic - hair, deep voice, protein anabolism, sebaceous gland activity 
CNS - aggressive behaviour 
anterior pituitary and hypothalamus 
penis - erections, ejaculation 
striated muscle 
prostate and seminal vesicles

Question 16

Female first meiotic division

Answer 16

starts pauses and completes before ovulation

Question 17

Female second meiotic division

Answer 17

completed after cell unites with secondary oocyte

Question 18

How long after LH surge does ovulation occur?

Answer 18

36 hours

Question 19

dual role of oestrogen - explain

Answer 19

low levels - negative feedback 
high levels (day 12-14)- positive feedback - LH surge

Question 20

GnRH from hypothalamus function

Answer 20

stimulate LH and FSH from anterior pituitary

Question 21

LH from anterior pituitary - 3 functions

Answer 21

maintain dominant follicle
induce follicular maturation and ovulation
stimulate CL function

Question 22

FSH from anterior pituitary function

Answer 22

stimulate follicular recruitment and development

Question 23

Where does oestradiol come from?

Answer 23

granulosa cells

Question 24

4 functions of oestradiol

Answer 24

support secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive organs
negative feedback of LH and GnRH except late follicular phase –> positive control LH surge
stimulate proliferative endometrium
negative control FSH

Question 25

Where does progesterone come from?

Answer 25

CL

Question 26

2 functions of progesterone

Answer 26

maintain secretory endometrium

negative feedback of HPO

Question 27

explain from fetal –>birth–>puberty–>menopause the number of eggs

Answer 27

7 million oocytes
2 million immature follicles
4-10 mature each cycle - 1 ruptures
too few immature follicles

Question 28

Targets for oestrogen

Answer 28

CNS
mammary glands 
fat distribution
bone maturation and turnover
reproductive system
anterior pit/hypothalamus

Question 29

Why is LH and FSH high in menopause?

Answer 29

trying to get the ovary to release an egg but unable to do so