Applied anatomy and embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Episiotomy

A

Surgically planned incision on perineum and posterior vaginal wall during second stag of labour

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2
Q

Caesarean section

A

delivery of fetus through incision in abdominal wall and uterine wall

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3
Q

Bladder and ureteric injury in CS

A

bladder - 1 in 1000

ureteric - 1 in 10 000

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4
Q

5 reasons for hysterectomies

A
PPH 
malignancy 
fibroids 
heavy bleeding 
endometriosis
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5
Q

Dilation of urinary tract in pregnancy more pronounced on LHS or RHS?

A

RHS

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6
Q

Leiomyomata

A

Fibroids

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7
Q

Fibroids

A

Most common benign tumour arising from myometrium

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8
Q

Symptoms of fibroids

A

asymptomatic

pelvic pain, heavy bleeding, dysmenorrhoea, pressure symptoms

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9
Q

Management of fibroids

A
symptom relief 
myomectomy
hysterectomy 
GnRH analogues 
uterine artery embolization
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10
Q

Rare sites of endometriosis

A

brain, lung, eyes, muscle

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11
Q

Examination findings in endometriosis

A

adnexal masses or tenderness
nodules/tenderness in posterior vaginal fornix or uterosacral ligaments
fixed retroverted uterus
rectovaginal nodules

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12
Q

What LN does ovarian cancer spread to?

A

para-aortic

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13
Q

Radical hysterectomy

A

removal of uterus, cervix, upper part of vagina, parametrium, pelvic LN

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14
Q

Why may hysterectomy lead to menopause?

A

ovaries have same blood supply as uterus

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15
Q

Examples of teratogens

A

thalidomide, roaccutane, carbamazepine, phenytoin, tetracyclines

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16
Q

Binge drinking

A

5 or more units of alcohol

17
Q

triad of rubella

A

sensorineural deafness
eye abnormalities
congenital heart disease

18
Q

Varicella - 3 signs

A

limb hypoplasia
skin scarring
eye defects

19
Q

When is varicella most harmful in pregnancy?

A

2nd trimester

20
Q

Opiates in labour effect on neonate

A

respiratory depression

brain, skeletal and growth effects

21
Q

What conditions is pre-pregnancy counselling vital?

A

diabetes
epilepsy
anti-coagulants and anti-hypertensives

22
Q

Folic acid

A

400mcgms OD

5mgms - raised BMI, DM, epilepsy

23
Q

vitamin D dose

A

10mcgms