Normal Aging

Question 1

problems with studying aging

Answer 1

*longitudinal studies are rare:
-dropouts, separating subclinical disease from aging changes, heterogeneity

Question 2

age-related changes in the nervous system

Answer 2

*anatomic changes
*changes in physiologic function
*observed clinical changes (cognitive changes, other CNS/PNS changes)
*can we maintain brain function?

Question 3

age-related changes in the nervous system - anatomic changes

Answer 3

*overall volume loss with age (more in frontal and temporal regions)
*neuronal changes - loss of complexity, dendrites regress, loss of synapses, intracellular accumulation of lipofuscin
*probable age-related neurotransmitter changes
*alterations in energy metabolism
*decreased innervation of skeletal muscle & general slowing of nerve conduction

Question 4

“normal” cognitive changes with increasing age

Answer 4

“fluid intelligence” declines:
*declining attention and cognitive processing speed
*longer reaction time
*declined working memory
*declined visuospatial orientation

“crystallized intelligence” should be stable or improved (vocabulary & judgement)

Question 5

motor function & reflex changes with increasing age

Answer 5

*decreased strength and speed of gait
*stretch reflexes less sensitive
*decreased “righting” reflexes (therefore, falls)

Question 6

sensory changes with age

Answer 6

*decreased proprioception/position sense
*decreased vibratory sense

Question 7

modifiable risk factors & prevention of dementia

Answer 7

*cognitive training, memory exercises
*blood pressure management for those with HTN
*increased physical activity