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Neuro Exam 3 > Child Development > Flashcards

Child Development Flashcards

1
Q

neurodevelopment - overview

A

*proceeds in a sequential and predictable pattern that is intrinsically determined:
-cephalic to caudal
-proximal to distal
-generalized, stimulus-based reflexes to specific, goal-oriented reactions
*intrinsic (physical characteristics, temperament, wellness) and extrinsic (family, environment, SES, nurturing skills) forces produce individual variations

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2
Q

developmental milestones - definition

A

neurodevelopmental laws or sequences

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3
Q

categories of developmental milestones

A

1) motor
-gross motor
-fine motor
2) cognitive
-receptive language/language comprehension
-expressive language
-adaptive (self-help, problem solving)\
3) social emotional

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4
Q

goal of gross motor milestones

A

gain independent and volitional movement

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5
Q

primitive reflexes

A

*brainstem and spinal reflexes to specific sensory stimuli
*develop in gestation and persist into first months of life
*prepare infant for acquisition of specific skills

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6
Q

asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR)

A

*the “fencing reflex”
*involves proprioceptors in the cervical vertebrae
*occurs with active or passive head rotation
*produces extension of arm and leg on face side and flexes the extremities on the contralateral side

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7
Q

moro reflex

A

*the “startle reflex”
*occurs spontaneously to loud noises or releasing a supine infants hands suddenly
*produces sudden extension and abduction of the upper extremities with hands open, followed by flexion of upper extremities to midline

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8
Q

positive support reflex

A

*occurs when infant supported around trunk and suspended and lowered to touch feet gently on flat surface
*produces reflex extension at the hips, knees, and ankles so infant stands up, completely or partially bearing weight

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9
Q

inhibition of asymmetric tonic neck reflex

A

*disappears by 4-6 months of age
*allows rolling over

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10
Q

inhibition of moro reflex

A

*interferes with head control and sitting equilibrium
*disappears by 6 months of age
*allows stability in sitting

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11
Q

inhibition of positive support reflex

A

*disappears by 10-12 months of age
*allows mature weight-bearing and standing

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12
Q

postural reactions

A

*develop after birth
*mediated at the midbrain level
*interact with each other
*work toward establishment of normal head and body relationship in space
*protective extension: allows infant to catch him/herself when falling forward, sideways, or backwards
*develop between 6-9 months
*then… infant learns to move into a seated position, then to hands/knees

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13
Q

gross motor milestones

A

*prone, rolling over, 4 points, seated, pull to stand, walk…
*notice crawling is NOT prerequisite to walking
*value of “Tummy Time” in prone skills
*goal - independent movement, freedom to use hands to explore
*further gross motor milestones, refinement in balance, coordination, speed and strength

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14
Q

gross motor milestone: prone on elbows

A

3 months

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15
Q

gross motor milestone: rolling back to front

A

5-6 months

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16
Q

gross motor milestone: pull to stand

A

9 months

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17
Q

gross motor milestone: walk alone

A

12 months

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18
Q

gross motor milestone: pedal a tricycle

A

30-36 months (3 years)

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19
Q

gross motor milestone: gallops

A

48 months (4 years)

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20
Q

gross motor milestone: skips

A

*60 months (5 years)

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21
Q

goal of fine motor skills

A

*use of upper extremities to engage and manipulate the environment
*self-help, play, work

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22
Q

grasp reflex

A

*hands grasp in response to touch

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23
Q

inhibition of grasp reflex

A

*disappears at 3 months
*then… reach clumsily, but voluntarily
-starting with palm on the ulnar side (5 months), then radial palm (7 months) to precise pincer grasp (12 months)
*voluntary release lends to ability to transfer objects

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24
Q

fine motor milestone: builds a tower of 2

A

15 months

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25
Q

fine motor milestone: builds a tower of 4

A

18 months

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26
Q

fine motor milestone: builds a tower of 6

A

24 months

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27
Q

fine motor milestone: draw a circle

A

3 years

28
Q

fine motor milestone: draw a square

A

4 years

29
Q

fine motor milestone: draw a triangle

A

5 years

30
Q

motor red flag at 4 months

A

lack of steady head control while sitting

31
Q

motor red flag at 9 months

A

inability to sit

32
Q

motor red flag at 15 months

A

handedness

33
Q

motor red flag at 18 months

A

inability to walk independently

34
Q

cognitive development

A

*the foundation of intelligence
*includes problem solving, language, attention, memory, and information processing
*in infants, streams of development involved:
-problem solving
-language
*described by developmental theories

35
Q

object permanence

A

*9-10 months
*understand that mother still exists when she is not visible
*something falls out of their sight and they know it still exists and usually looks for it

36
Q

separation anxiety

A

*don’t know where their parent is

37
Q

symbolic thinking

A

*child able to use one object to represent another

38
Q

language

A

*a system of verbal, written, or gestured symbols used to communicate information or feelings
*components: phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics

39
Q

speech

A

*the physical production of spoken language
*components: articulation, phonology, voice quality, pitch, loudness, resonance, fluency, rate, rhythm

40
Q

rule of fourths of speech intelligibility

A

*2/4 = 50% intelligible at 2 years of age
*3/4 = 75% intelligible at 3 years of age
*4/4 = 100% intelligible at 4 years of age

*note: this is to the unfamiliar listener (not mom)

41
Q

expressive language

A

*involves representation of thoughts and ideas using culturally agreed upon signals
-verbal communication
-gestures
-manual signs
-facial expressions
-body language
-pictures
-diagrams
-written symbols

42
Q

receptive language

A

the ability to understand communication

43
Q

expressive language milestones - 2 phases

A

1) pre-linguistic (social smile, coos, laughs, raspberry, squeals, babbles) UNTIL 6-8 months
2) linguistic (immature jargon, 1st word, 2 word combo, 50 words, tells stories)

CANNOT GET FROM PRELINGUISTIC TO LINGUISTIC UNLESS YOU CAN HEAR

44
Q

expressive language milestone: first word, besides mama/dada

A

15 months

45
Q

expressive language milestone: 2 word phrase

A

24 months

46
Q

expressive language milestone: 4 word phrase

A

4 years old

47
Q

receptive language milestone: command with gesture

A

12 months

48
Q

receptive language milestone: 1 body part

A

15 months

49
Q

receptive language milestone: points to picture

A

18 months

50
Q

receptive language milestone: 2 step command

A

24 months

51
Q

language acquisition

A

*language skills, particularly receptive language, are the single best indication of intellectual ability
*50% of children with language impairments have reading learning disability
*HEARING is essential to language acquisition
*language EXPOSURE is critical

52
Q

language red flag at 2 months

A

lack of fixation

53
Q

language red flag at 4 months

A

lack of visual tracking

54
Q

language red flag at 6 months

A

failure to turn to sound or voice

55
Q

language red flag at 9 months

A

lack of babbling consonant sounds

56
Q

language red flag at 15 months

A

failure to use single words (not mama or dada)

57
Q

language red flag at 36 months

A

failure to speak in three-word sentences

58
Q

social skills

A

*inherent drive to connect with others - share feelings, thoughts, actions
*attachment theory - as caregiver responds to cries/behaviors, infant gain confidence on caregiver’s accessibility and responsiveness

59
Q

first social milestone

A

social smile

60
Q

social milestones: joint attention

A

*quintessential social milestone:
-gaze monitoring -> shared gaze interaction (8 months)
-responds to name (9 months)
-proto-imperative pointing, to ask (15 months)
-shows objects (15 months)
-proto-declarative pointing, to show (18 months)
-sharing (18 months)

61
Q

social milestone: pretend play

A

18 months

62
Q

social milestone: parallel play

A

30 months

63
Q

social milestone: cooperative play

A

3 years

64
Q

development of emotional skills

A

*3 distinct emotions present at birth: anger, joy, fear
*affection and excitement (15 months)
*additional emotions appear (15 months): embarrassment, shame, pride
*notices when others are hurt (24 months)
*mask emotions (24 months)
*comforts others/empathy (4 years old)

65
Q

social/emotional red flag at 9 months

A

doesn’t respond to name

66
Q

why is it a red flag if a child does not respond to their name by 9 months

A

this is often the first sign of autism

Neuro Exam 3 (31 decks)

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