Child Development Flashcards by Kyra Porter

neurodevelopment - overview

*proceeds in a sequential and predictable pattern that is intrinsically determined:
-cephalic to caudal
-proximal to distal
-generalized, stimulus-based reflexes to specific, goal-oriented reactions
*intrinsic (physical characteristics, temperament, wellness) and extrinsic (family, environment, SES, nurturing skills) forces produce individual variations

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developmental milestones - definition

neurodevelopmental laws or sequences

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categories of developmental milestones

1) motor
-gross motor
-fine motor
2) cognitive
-receptive language/language comprehension
-expressive language
-adaptive (self-help, problem solving)\
3) social emotional

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goal of gross motor milestones

gain independent and volitional movement

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primitive reflexes

*brainstem and spinal reflexes to specific sensory stimuli
*develop in gestation and persist into first months of life
*prepare infant for acquisition of specific skills

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asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR)

*the “fencing reflex”
*involves proprioceptors in the cervical vertebrae
*occurs with active or passive head rotation
*produces extension of arm and leg on face side and flexes the extremities on the contralateral side

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moro reflex

*the “startle reflex”
*occurs spontaneously to loud noises or releasing a supine infants hands suddenly
*produces sudden extension and abduction of the upper extremities with hands open, followed by flexion of upper extremities to midline

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positive support reflex

*occurs when infant supported around trunk and suspended and lowered to touch feet gently on flat surface
*produces reflex extension at the hips, knees, and ankles so infant stands up, completely or partially bearing weight

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inhibition of asymmetric tonic neck reflex

*disappears by 4-6 months of age
*allows rolling over

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inhibition of moro reflex

*interferes with head control and sitting equilibrium
*disappears by 6 months of age
*allows stability in sitting

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inhibition of positive support reflex

*disappears by 10-12 months of age
*allows mature weight-bearing and standing

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postural reactions

*develop after birth
*mediated at the midbrain level
*interact with each other
*work toward establishment of normal head and body relationship in space
*protective extension: allows infant to catch him/herself when falling forward, sideways, or backwards
*develop between 6-9 months
*then… infant learns to move into a seated position, then to hands/knees

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gross motor milestones

*prone, rolling over, 4 points, seated, pull to stand, walk…
*notice crawling is NOT prerequisite to walking
*value of “Tummy Time” in prone skills
*goal - independent movement, freedom to use hands to explore
*further gross motor milestones, refinement in balance, coordination, speed and strength

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gross motor milestone: prone on elbows

3 months

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gross motor milestone: rolling back to front

5-6 months

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gross motor milestone: pull to stand

9 months

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gross motor milestone: walk alone

12 months

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gross motor milestone: pedal a tricycle

30-36 months (3 years)

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gross motor milestone: gallops

48 months (4 years)

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gross motor milestone: skips

*60 months (5 years)

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goal of fine motor skills

*use of upper extremities to engage and manipulate the environment
*self-help, play, work

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grasp reflex

*hands grasp in response to touch

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inhibition of grasp reflex

*disappears at 3 months
*then… reach clumsily, but voluntarily
-starting with palm on the ulnar side (5 months), then radial palm (7 months) to precise pincer grasp (12 months)
*voluntary release lends to ability to transfer objects

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fine motor milestone: builds a tower of 2

15 months

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fine motor milestone: builds a tower of 4

18 months

fine motor milestone: builds a tower of 6

24 months

fine motor milestone: draw a circle

3 years

fine motor milestone: draw a square

4 years

fine motor milestone: draw a triangle

5 years

motor red flag at 4 months

lack of steady head control while sitting

motor red flag at 9 months

inability to sit

motor red flag at 15 months

handedness

motor red flag at 18 months

inability to walk independently

cognitive development

*the foundation of intelligence *includes problem solving, language, attention, memory, and information processing *in infants, streams of development involved: -problem solving -language *described by developmental theories

object permanence

*9-10 months *understand that mother still exists when she is not visible *something falls out of their sight and they know it still exists and usually looks for it

separation anxiety

*don't know where their parent is

symbolic thinking

*child able to use one object to represent another

language

*a system of verbal, written, or gestured symbols used to communicate information or feelings *components: phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics

speech

*the physical production of spoken language *components: articulation, phonology, voice quality, pitch, loudness, resonance, fluency, rate, rhythm

rule of fourths of speech intelligibility

*2/4 = 50% intelligible at 2 years of age *3/4 = 75% intelligible at 3 years of age *4/4 = 100% intelligible at 4 years of age *note: this is to the unfamiliar listener (not mom)

expressive language

*involves representation of thoughts and ideas using culturally agreed upon signals -verbal communication -gestures -manual signs -facial expressions -body language -pictures -diagrams -written symbols

receptive language

the ability to understand communication

expressive language milestones - 2 phases

1) pre-linguistic (social smile, coos, laughs, raspberry, squeals, babbles) UNTIL 6-8 months 2) linguistic (immature jargon, 1st word, 2 word combo, 50 words, tells stories) *CANNOT GET FROM PRELINGUISTIC TO LINGUISTIC UNLESS YOU CAN HEAR*

expressive language milestone: first word, besides mama/dada

15 months

expressive language milestone: 2 word phrase

24 months

expressive language milestone: 4 word phrase

4 years old

receptive language milestone: command with gesture

12 months

receptive language milestone: 1 body part

15 months

receptive language milestone: points to picture

18 months

receptive language milestone: 2 step command

24 months

language acquisition

*language skills, particularly receptive language, are the single best indication of intellectual ability *50% of children with language impairments have reading learning disability *HEARING is essential to language acquisition *language EXPOSURE is critical

language red flag at 2 months

lack of fixation

language red flag at 4 months

lack of visual tracking

language red flag at 6 months

failure to turn to sound or voice

language red flag at 9 months

lack of babbling consonant sounds

language red flag at 15 months

failure to use single words (not mama or dada)

language red flag at 36 months

failure to speak in three-word sentences

social skills

*inherent drive to connect with others - share feelings, thoughts, actions *attachment theory - as caregiver responds to cries/behaviors, infant gain confidence on caregiver's accessibility and responsiveness

first social milestone

social smile

social milestones: joint attention

*quintessential social milestone: -gaze monitoring -> shared gaze interaction (8 months) -responds to name (9 months) -proto-imperative pointing, to ask (15 months) -shows objects (15 months) -proto-declarative pointing, to show (18 months) -sharing (18 months)

social milestone: pretend play

18 months

social milestone: parallel play

30 months

social milestone: cooperative play

3 years

development of emotional skills

*3 distinct emotions present at birth: anger, joy, fear *affection and excitement (15 months) *additional emotions appear (15 months): embarrassment, shame, pride *notices when others are hurt (24 months) *mask emotions (24 months) *comforts others/empathy (4 years old)

social/emotional red flag at 9 months

doesn't respond to name

why is it a red flag if a child does not respond to their name by 9 months

this is often the first sign of autism