Normal/ Abnormal Cardiovascular system

Question 1

Views when evaluating the heart

Answer 1

Standard images: lateral and DV
Then use ECG

Question 2

Dog shape and size of cardiac silhouette

Answer 2

Deep chested (doberman): 2.5 ICS
Standard/ Intermediate- 2.5 ICS
Shallow/ wide chested (brachy): 3-3.5 ICS

Question 3

Cat shape and size of cardiac silhouette

Answer 3

2 ICS

Question 4

Pulmonary vasc in the lateral view

Answer 4

Cranial lobar vessels (arteries and veins)
Compare to 3rd or 4th rib for size

Question 5

Vertebral heart score (VHS)

Answer 5

Long axis: bottom of carina to cardiac apex
Short axis: widest distance perpendicular to the long axis line @ cd. vena cava
Compare to ribs and combine

Question 6

Pulmonary vasc. in VD or DV view

Answer 6

Cd. lobar arteries and veins
Compare to 9th rib

Question 7

Normal VHS ranges

Answer 7

Dogs: 8.7-10.7
Cats: 6.9-8.1
evaluates cardiomegaly

Question 8

What are the causes of cranial cardiac waist

Answer 8

Enlarged RA, MPA or aortic arch

Question 9

Normal position of the carina

Answer 9

Upper 1/3 of thorax

Question 10

What causes elevation of the carina?

Answer 10

Left sided heart dz (mitral regurgitation/ insufficiency or left ventricular dz/ aortic stenosis)
Right sided heart dz

Question 11

Hypovascular lung field

Answer 11

Arteries and veins smaller than normal
From hypovolemia (blood loss, addisons, dehy), severe pulmonic stenosis and right to left shunting lesions (tetra of fallot and reverse PDA)

Question 12

Blood flow with Tetralogy of fallot

Answer 12

1. Overriding aorta (positioned over both ventricles over VSD)
2. Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
3. Severe pulmonic stenosis
   Secondary: right ventricular enlargement

Question 13

How is Tetralogy of fallot presented?

Answer 13

Cyanosis (unoxygenated blood going to the right side)

Question 14

Hypervascular lung field

Answer 14

Arteries and veins larger than normal
Artereis larger: HWD
Veins larger: MR (tricuspid insufficiency)
Arteries and veins larger: left to right shunting lesions (PDA, VSD and ASD)

Question 15

What is seen with heartowrm dz

Answer 15

Enlarged arteries (MPA)
Hilar opacity from enlarged arteries to cd. lungs
Pulm. opacity from vasc. and interstitial patterns
Inverted backwards D with right sided cardiomegaly

Question 16

Basic Echocardiography

Answer 16

Scan under the dog (lungs @ top)
LV (mushroom/ flower) landmark

Question 17

Pulmonic stenosis rad findings

Answer 17

Normal vasculature
Loss of cranial cardiac waist
Enlarged MPA from post-stenotic dilation

Question 18

PS

Answer 18

Valvular*, could be supravalvular and sub-valvular
If severe → pulmonary hypoperfusion, resp. failure, organ damage

Question 19

Signalment for PS

Answer 19

Common in small breeds (english and french bulldog, boxer, beagle, keeshonds, terriers)

Question 20

Aortic stenosis on rads

Answer 20

Normal vasculature
Loss of cranial cardiac waist
Enlarged aortic arch from post-stenotic dilation of the asc. aorta

Question 21

Aortic Stenosis

Answer 21

Band of fibrous tissue beneath aortic valves
Subaortic stenosis (sub-valvular common)
Large breed dogs

Question 22

Conditions involving AS

Answer 22

If valvular: infectious endocarditis&raquo_space; valvular insufficiency
If severe → CHF (left)

Question 25

Cyanosis