Non-cardiovascular thorax Flashcards
Pectus Exacavatum
Deviation of the sternum into the thoracic cavity
Congenital anomaly
External lesions that appear as lung nodules
Teats/ mammary glands
Skin masses (lipomas)
Ticks
Dirt and debris
Extrapleural sign
Invagination of the pleura into the thoracic cavity with a broad base appearance
Smooth margins
Can appear as lung lesion, look for pleural effusion
Pleural effusion causes
Rupture of the thoracic duct (chylothorax)
Hemorrhage (hemothorax)
Accumulation of pus (pyothorax, empyema)
Hypoproteinemia
Neoplasia (lymphosarcoma, rib tumors)
Diaphragmatic hernia
Idiopathic
Pleural effusion causes in cats
Heart failure
FIP, HCM and chylothorax
Radiogrpahic findings associate with pleural effusion
Leafing of lung lobes (fluid separating lobes/ retraction)
Fluid radiopacity between retracted lung lobes and thoracic wall
Pleural fissures
Rounding of costophrenic angles (VD)
Obscured cardiac silhouette and diaphragm
Which views are best to see pleural fissures
Right lateral and dorsal recumbency (VD)
Whats the next step to dx the type pf pleural effusion?
Thoracocentesis and fluid analysis
Pneumothorax
Air in pleural space
Associated with thoracic trauma (open pneumothorax)
Tension pneumothorax (air from inside thorax)
Rad findings of pneumothorax
Retraction of lung lobes in caudo-dorsal thorax
Air (radiolucency) between retracted lung lobes and wall
Elevation of heart from the sternum by a radiolucency
When does tension pneumothorax occur?
When pleural space pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure during both phases of resp.
Lung collapse more than open pneumothorax
Requires immediate thoracocentesis
Whats seen on rads with tension pneumothorax?
Unilateral pulmonary collapse
Cd. displacement of diaphragm
Contralateral mediastinal shift
Cavitary lesions (cause)
Abnormal diaphragm
Outline irregular shape
Outline not visualized due to obscurity
Silhouette sign
Congenital hernias
Peritoneal pericardial (within a sealed sac)
Hiatal (Shar-pei, occurs immediately)
Traumatic hernias
Commonly right side and ventral
Dx: gas filled bowel loops in thoracic cavity
What is used to dx a diaphragmatic hernia?
Barium study
Positive contrast peritoneogram (celiogram)
Medastinum
Potential space between 2 pleural sacs
Incomplete in dogs and cats
What is located in the mediastinal spaces?
Cr: trachea, thymus, LNs and esophagus
Middle: heart, LNs and esophagus
Cd: aorta, CVC, esophagus
Common medastinal conditions
Mediastinal lymphadenopathy
Mediastinal masses (CHANG)
Esophageal dz
Pneumomedastinum
Mediastinitis
Differentials for mediastinal masses
Benign: hematoma, fibroma, cyst
Malignant masses
Thymic (thymoma)
Lymphoma
Ectopic thyroid mass
Rad findings of medastinal masses
Widening of the cr. medastinum
Displacement of trachea
Widened cranial mediastinum
More than twice the width of overlying vertebrae
Note the location of the trachea and location of mass
Differentials for widened mediastinum
Enlarged LNs, thymic dz, esophageal dz, soft tissue masses, fat, edema and infection
Thoracic LNs
Sternal: dorsal to rostral sternebrae
Cr. mediastinal: ventral to trachea
Tracheobronchial (hilar): around hilus of lungs
Pneumomedastinum (air in medastinum)
Serosal border of trachea, esophageal adventitia and branches of aortic arch visible
Source of gas: trachea, esophagus, neck trauma
Causes of pneumomedastinum
Iatrogenic
Endotracheal intubation
Jug venopuncture
Transtracheal wash
Signs of esophageal dz
Ventral deviation of trachea
Dorsal stripe sign
Dilated esophagus
Differentials for esophageal dz
Megaesophagus, FBs, esophageal masses, vascular ring anomaly, stricture, esophagitis
10 radiograph signs of trauma
Hypovascular lung field/ microcardia
Soft tissues swelling, SQ/ soft tissue emphysema
Fractured ribs
Pneumothorax
Pulmonary hemorrhage/ contusions/ lacerations/ collapse
Pleural effusion
Diaphragmatic hernia
Pneumomedastinum
Cavitary lesions (blebs/ bullae)
Pericardial effusion
Cavitary pulmonary lesions
Nodular lesions of pulmonary dz with radiolucent cavities
Bullae, blebs, granulomas, abscesses, necrotic neoplasams, bronchogenic cysts
Blebs/ bullae
Blebs (subpleural) → pneumothorax
Bullae (intraparenchymal) → pneumomedastinum
