Intro to U/S

Question 1

Diagnostic U/S

Answer 1

Non-ionizing high frequency sound waves generated from a transducer

Question 2

How do U/S work

Answer 2

Sound waves penetrate tissue → reflected from interfaces with different acoustical properties → sound waves return to the transducer as echos

Question 3

What do abdominal U/S tell you?

Answer 3

IDs location of organs and structures
Internal architecture of organs
Lesions
Small amounts of effusion/ fluid in cavity

Question 4

When do U/S detect pregnancy?

Answer 4

20d

Question 5

Patient prep for an abdominal U/S

Answer 5

Fasting 12 hr before the exam
Shave from xyphoid along costal arch to pelvic inlet
Clean surface with alcohol + acoustic gel

Question 6

Real time B mode

Answer 6

Abdominal U/S
Fluoroscopy of diagnostic U/S

Question 7

B-mode or brightness mode

Answer 7

Imaging all areas of the body

Question 8

M-mode/ motion mode

Answer 8

Used for echocardiography(measures wall thickness and contraction of the heart)
Narrow, stationary U/S

Question 9

U/S transducers

Answer 9

Abdominal: small to large flat surface with curved edges
Cardiac: small flat/ pointed surface with curved edges
Extremities- flat surface

Question 10

Sector (transducer shape)

Answer 10

True “pie, wedge or fan” -USE
Diverging scan field, phased array (cardiac), curved liner array (abdomen)

Question 11

Linear array transducer (transducer shape)

Answer 11

Rectangular or trapezoid shape
Higher frequency is necessary for better resolution

Question 12

Electronic array (probe type)

Answer 12

Use of an electric pulse through crystals in the probe to generate an image (quiet)
Preferred

Question 13

Mechanical transducer (probe type)

Answer 13

Use of mechanical parts to generate an image (noisy)

Question 14

U/S penetration

Answer 14

Higher frequency → superficial penetration → better resolution
Lower frequency → deeper penetration → decrease resolution

Question 15

Roll

Answer 15

Transducer in same plane, pointed cranially or caudally
Used at costal arch and pelvic canal

Question 16

Slide

Answer 16

Move transducer to different areas of the abdomen without angling transducer

Question 17

Fan

Answer 17

Move transducer perpendicular to scan the plane (side to side)

Question 18

Rotate

Answer 18

Move 90 degrees to the starting plane
Best for cross-sectional views of structures

Question 19

Hyperechoic

Answer 19

Brighter than normal (mass, ST)

Question 20

Hypoechoic

Answer 20

Darker than normal

Question 21

Isoechoic

Answer 21

2 structures of the same echogenicity

Question 22

Anechoic

Answer 22

No internal echoes- very dark on image (fluid)

Question 23

SLK

Answer 23

Spleen more hyperechoic than liver, liver more hyperechoic than renal cortex

Question 24

Acoustic shadowing

Answer 24

Dark streak to mineralized/ dense tissue
Calculi, ribs
Reflective or refractive

Question 25

Far field/ Distant enhancement

Answer 25

Hyperechoic area distant to anechoic structure
Bladder and cysts

Question 26

Structures seen in a normal liver

Answer 26

Echogenic diaphragm
Heterogenous/ coarse in echotexture
Portal veins (echogenic borders)
Hepatic veins
Falciform fat
Cd. vena cava
Gallbladder

Question 27

Structures seen in a normal spleen

Answer 27

Homogenus in echotexture
Echogenic capsule
Splenic vessels course into parenchyma
Heady, body and tail

Question 28

Normal kidneys

Answer 28

Sagittal plane: football
Dorsal plane: lima bean
Transverse: cross section

Question 29

Normal prostate gland

Answer 29

Heterogenous echotexture
@ neck of the UB
Urethra goes through the middle
Large in intact males

Question 30

Normal uterus

Answer 30

Not normally visualized
Hypo during estrus and early pregnancy
Determines fetal viability

Question 31

When is fetal cardiac activity detected on an U/S

Answer 31

28d