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IP11 - Food Animal Medicine > Nonsurgical GI - Oral, Esophageal and Forestomach Disorders > Flashcards

Nonsurgical GI - Oral, Esophageal and Forestomach Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Etiology of “wooden tongue”

A

Actinobacillus ligniersii

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2
Q

Actinobacillosis causes a _____ infection of the tongue.

A

Granulomatous

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3
Q

Actinobacillosis is primarily seen in ____ on ____ feedstuffs.

A

cattle; rough

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4
Q

T/F: Actinobacillus ligniersii is a common inhabitant of the oral cavity.

A

true

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5
Q

How does a cow get actinobacillosis?

A

Via oral wound - infection begins at the base of the tongue, and may infect other soft tissues of the oral cavity

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6
Q

C/S of actinobacillosis

A 
Anorexia
Abnormal chewing
Hypersalivation
Enlarged firm tongue
Regional lymphadenitis
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7
Q

Is culture usually done if you suspect actinobacillosis in a cow?

A

No - if the tongue feels like a brick, you can expect that it is “wooden tongue”. Do a culture if the cow does not respond to therapy.

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8
Q

Gram stain of actinobacillosis will result in gram ___ rods +/- ___ granules.

A

negative; sulfur

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9
Q

Treatment for Actinobcaillosis

A

Sodium iodide IV

Oxytetracycline

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10
Q

Prognosis of actinobacillosis?

A

Good- as long as there is no sloughing of the tongue epithelium

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11
Q

Etiology of “lumpy jaw”

A

Actinomyces bovis

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12
Q

Actinomycosis is ____ of the jaw, more commonly affecting the ____ than the maxilla.

A

Osteomyelitis; mandible

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13
Q

T/F: Actinomyces bovis is a common inhabitant of the oral cavity.

A

True

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14
Q

How does a cow get actinomycosis?

A

Via oral wound

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15
Q

C/S of Actinomycosis

A 
Bony swelling, periosteal response
Fibrous tissue reaction
Draining tracts
Decreased appetite, difficulty chewing
Hypersalivation
Weight loss
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16
Q

Gram stain of pus from a cow infected with actinomycosis will result in gram ___ filamentous branching rods +/- ____ granules.

A

positive; sulfur

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17
Q

A differential diagnosis of actinomycosis is tooth root abscess. WHich one is more common?

A

Actinomycosis is much more common than a tooth root abscess.

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18
Q

Treatment for Actinomycosis

A

Sodium iodide IV - tx until you see signs of iodine toxicity.

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19
Q

What are signs of iodine toxicity?

A

Dadruff in an adult ruminant, can also see thickening of ocular, nasal, and oral secretions

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20
Q

Can you use isoniazid to tx actinomycosis?

A

No, animals cannot enter food chain!

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21
Q

Prognosis of actinomycosis

A

Guarded - often comes back at a later date

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22
Q

Papular stomatitis is caused by a _____.

A

parapoxvirus

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23
Q

T/F: Papular stomatitis is zoonotic.

A

True

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24
Q

C/S of papular stomatitis

A

Often asymptomatic, papules and plaques on muzzle, lesions develop and regress for several months

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25
Q

T/F: papular stomatitis has a high mortality.

A

False - has a high morbidity, but should NOT die from it ever

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26
Q

Tooth root abscesses are more common in what species? On which teeth?

A

Camelids - mandibular molars, fighting teeth.

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27
Q

Lump on a jaw in a camelid is a ______ until proven otherwise. Lump on a jaw in a cow is ______ until proven otherwise.

A

Tooth root abscess; lumpy jaw

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28
Q

Diagnosis of tooth root abscess

A

Radiography:
Bony lysis of lamina dura
Periodontal sclerosis
Periosteal reaction

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29
Q

Medical therapy for tooth root abscess includes chronic antibiotic therapy , especially against facultative _____ bacteria.

A

anaerobic

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30
Q

Medical therapy for tooth rooth abscess only has a ___% recovery rate.

A

60

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31
Q

Surgical tx for tooth root abscess?

A

Tooth extraction

32
Q

Balling gun injury is due to?

A

Aggressive use of instruments in the mouth

33
Q

Choke is caused by?

A

Obstruction of the esophagus

34
Q

Common offenders for choke:

A

Root vegetables - potatoes, apples, turnips

35
Q

Common sites of choke

A

Cranial portion of cervical esophagus
Thoracic inlet
Base of the heart

36
Q

C/S of choke

A 
Free gas bloat
Dysphagia
Salivation
Can compress the lungs - anxiety, swinging of the head or staggering
Saves of motility in the esophagus
37
Q

Differential diagnoses of choke

A 
RABIES
Tetanus
Botulism
Balling gun injury
Necrobacillosis
38
Q

Tx of choke

A

Try to pull obstruction out if in cervical esophagus.
Try to push into the rumen in distal sites of the estophagus
If severe bloat - release gas with trochar/temporary rumen fistula
Correct fluid/acid base abnormalities

39
Q

Chock can lead to secondary _______ dysfunction.

A

esophageal

40
Q

clinical signs of secondary esophageal dysfunction due to choke

A

Anorexia
Regurgitation
Hypersalivation
Recurrence of choke

41
Q

Tx options for animals with secondary esophageal dysfunction from choke?

A

Cull, or try to do a rumenostomy to give the esophagus time to heal

42
Q

Simple indigestion is a ______ inappetance due to changes in rumenal microenvironment.

A

transient

43
Q

Causes of simple indigestion may include:

A

Moldy/spoiled feed
Indigestible roughage
Too much feed
New type/batch feed

44
Q

C/S of simple indigestion

A 
Decreased appetite
Decreased milk production
Rumen hypomotility
Mild bloat 
Abnormal feces
45
Q

Simple indigestion is typically found in _____ animals on a farm

A

multiple

46
Q

Diagnosis of simple indigestion is by ____

A

rule out

47
Q

Other names for rumen acidosis

A

Lactic acid indigestion
Toxic indiestion
D-lactic acidosis
Grain engorgement

48
Q

Rumen acidosis is caused by an overindulgence on _____.

A

Carbohydrates

49
Q

Common offenders for rumen acidosis

A

Cereal rains (corn, wheat, barley)
High sugar/starch fruit or root crops
Corn or milo stubble fields
Byproduct feeds (bakery waste, brewers grain)

50
Q

Good quality forage that gets chopped to very fine pieces, decreasing particle size, can act like a ______, and can lead to rumen acidosis as well.

A

carbohydrate

51
Q

Carbohydrates are rapidly broken down by what two bacteria?

A

Strep. bovis

Lactobacillus spp.

52
Q

After breaking down carbohydrates, strep bovis and lactobacillus spp. produce what product?

A

Lactate

53
Q

High lactate in the rumen decrease the pH of the lumen, resulting in an increase in gram ____ bacteria.

A

Positive

54
Q

With a decreased pH in the stomach, we see large increases in _____ acid.

A

Proprionic

55
Q

With such a low pH, and acidic byproducts of gram positive bacteria, eventually the protozoa and bacterial flora will die, and we get an increase in ____ and _____.

A

Glucose and endotoxins

56
Q

Why are endotoxins increased in rumen acidosis?

A

Because most gram positive bacteria die off, leaving behind gram negative bacteria.

57
Q

Between D and L-lactate products, which one is metabolized in the rumen and which one builds up?

A

L-lactate is metabolized.

D-lactate builds up

58
Q

Rumen acidosis causes damage to the rumen epithelium. What are the consequences of this?

A 
Chemical rumenitis
Epithelial necrosis
Epithelial necrosis
Absorption of bacteria
Bacterial and fungal rumenitis
59
Q

C/S in ACUTE rumen acidosis

A

Individual animal disease - individual animal looks sick.
Anorexia and depression
Splashy, distended static rumen (osmotic sink in the rumen)
Dehydration, tachycardia, cold extremities
Weak or recumbent
Diarrhea with or without grain
Death

60
Q

C/S of Subacute Rumen Acidosis

A

Herd disease - disease of production limitation.
Decreased or variable feed intake
Decreased performance
Increased incident of lameness
Decreased milk fat % - inversion of fat:protein ratio in milk
Loose feces

61
Q

Rumen fluid analysis in rumen acidosis

A

Foul smell

pH

62
Q

Lab test results for rumen acidosis

A 
Metabolic acidosis
Increased anion gap
Hemoconcentration
Prerenal azotemia
Mild-moderate hypocalcemia
63
Q

Diagnosis of subacute rumen acidosis

A 
History and PE are NOT pathognomonic
Look at ration analysis
Rumenocentesis (rumen pH > 5.8 - normal)
Manure scoring
Lameness scoring
Milk fat inversion
64
Q

Principles of rumen acidosis tx

A

Stop acidification
Correct metabolic abnormalities
Reestablish flora
Prevent sequellae

65
Q

Can we use bicarb to alkalinize the rumen to tx rumen acidosis? Why or why not?

A

No - bicarb + acetic acid will generate bubbles with high surface tension which will result in frothy bloat

66
Q

Good medical tx for rumen acidosis

A

Carmolax - powder is better than pill form - it is magnesium hydroxide that will alkalinize the rumen without generating a lot of gas/bubbles

67
Q

Sequellae to rumen acidosis

A 
Bacterial rumenitis
Bacteremia/septicemia
Fungal rumenitis
Liver abscess
Metastatic pneumonia
Polioencephalomalacia
Laminits
68
Q

Prevention of rumen acidosis

A

Prevent accidents
Transition cattle to high concnetrate diet slowly
Inophores and buffers in feed - limit gram positive organisms - need to be present at all times for them to help

69
Q

Two types of primary rumen tympany

A

Pasture bloat and grain bloat

70
Q

Bloat = ____ distension.

A

rumen

71
Q

Bloat can be seen as an abdominal distension on the upper ____ side of the cow. As it gets more severe, can progress lower, and occasionally can see distension on the ___ side.

A

Left; right

72
Q

Pasture bloat causes

A

Lush, rapidly growing legumes - soluble proteins in these plants act as foaming agents
Mucins in saliva can break down foam, without enough saliva, the foam cannot be broken down and the cow cannot eructate gas bubbles

73
Q

Causes of feedlot bloat

A

High grain diets - slow rumen motility and decrease saliva production
Mucopolysaccharides produced by rumenal bacteria are responsible for stable foam generation

74
Q

Clinical presentation of rumen tympany

A 
Severe abdominal distention (typically on left side)
Gasping for breath
Prolapsed rectum
Raised tailhead
Dead
75
Q

Medical tx for pasture bloat vs feedlot bloat

A

Pasture bloat = poloxalene

Feedlot bloat = mineral oil

76
Q

Other tx for rumen tympany besides medical tx include passing a stomach tube, rumen trocar, and tying a rag in the mouth. Why does tying a rag in the mouth help?

A

It makes the cows salivate - helping to break down gas bubbles

77
Q

Secondary rumen tympany is caused by?

A

failure of erucation (esophageal blockage, or during step up to high concentrate diet resulting in a free gas bloat secondary to mild grain overload)

IP11 - Food Animal Medicine (10 decks)

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