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IP11 - Food Animal Medicine > Neonatal Calf Dairrhea > Flashcards

Neonatal Calf Dairrhea Flashcards

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1
Q

How are enterotoxigenic E. coli transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral - ingested

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2
Q

Where do enterotoxigenic e. coli multiply?

A

Ileum

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3
Q

T/F: Enterotoxigenic E. coli destroy GI cells and causes villous damage.

A

False - toxin causes a hypersecretory diarrhea

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4
Q

Pathogenesis of enterotoxigenic E. coli

A

After replicating in the ileum and ascending up the small intestine, the fimbrae on the pathogens attach tot he epithelial cell receptor. They release an STa toxin that activates guanylate cyclase, leading to hypersecretion of chloride, inhibition of Na-Cl transporter on lumenal surface, and ultimately loss of Na, Cl, and HCO2 into the lumen.

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5
Q

Fimbrae on e. coli attach to epihtelial cell receptors in an ___ dependent manner.

A

age

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6
Q

Up to what age can enterotoxigenic E. coli infect the neonate?

A

Up to 4 days

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7
Q

Type of diarrhea associated with enterotoxigenic e. coli?

A

Water, NO blood, and NO tenesmus; increased fecal pH

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8
Q

To diagnose enterotoxigenic E. coli, it is best to identify fimrbial antigen using ____ medium.

A

minca

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9
Q

Should you culture enterotoxigenic E. coli?

A

no

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10
Q

Tx of enterotoxigenic E. coli

A

Fluids

Bicarbonate replacement

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11
Q

What two vaccines can be used to control enterotoxigenic E. coli in dams in late gestation

A

purified K99 antigen

Fimbrial antigen bacterin

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12
Q

Is colostrum effective in protecting neonate against enterotoxigenic E. coli?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Rotavirus has 7 serogroups, which ones are MC in cattle? Are these the ones included in vaccines?

A

VP4 - P serotype
VP7 - G serotype

These are not included in vaccines, so vaccines are not very helpful.

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14
Q

Transmission of rotavirus

A

oral-fecal - calves ingest organism

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15
Q

Rotavirus infects the mature _______ of epithelial cells in the SI, causing the infected cells to ____ off, and cause villous ____.

A

brush border; slough; atrophy

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16
Q

The sloughed of columnar cells of the epithelium in the SI are replaced with ____ or ____ cells, which do a horrible job at absorption.

A

Cuboidal or squamous

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17
Q

T/F: Rotavirus leads to decreased lactase activity.

A

True

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18
Q

What is the consequence of decreased lactase activity from a rotavirus infection?

A

Sugars are not digested and left behind in the intestinal lumen, resulting in an osmotic diarrhea ontop of a malabsorptive diarrhea.

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19
Q

Type of diarrhea in rotavirus

A

Maldigestion/malabsorption
Osmotic/fermentative
Water, no blood and no tenesmus

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20
Q

Rotavirus clinical signs begin when the neonate is over ___ days old.

A

4

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21
Q

Dx of rotavirus

A

Electron microscopy
Fluorescent anitbody
Fecal ELISA
Best - presence of rotavirus + clinical signs are highly suggestive

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22
Q

Tx of rotavirus

A

Fluids
Bicarbonate replacement
Antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections

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23
Q

Coronavirus is similar to the rotavirus, however, colustrum is not as effective in protecting the calf against coronavirus. Why?

A

There are four major structural proteins on the coronavirus, and the most colostral anitbodies are not directed at the most immunogenic form (nucleocapsid protein-N)

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24
Q

How do vaccines help protect against coronavirus?

A

vaccinating dams decreases shedding at parturition

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25
Q

Transmission of coronavirus?

A

Ingestion AND aerosol

26
Q

Coronavirus infects ___ epithelial cells of the ___ and ___ intestine, and also infects the ___ epithelium as well, resulting in a longer repair time than the rotavirus.

A

villous; small and large; crypt

27
Q

Besides causing a GIT infection, coronavirus can also invade the upper ____ epithelium, leading to ____ infection.

A

respiratory; respiratory

28
Q

Type of diarrhea in coronavirus

A

watery
Maldigestion/malabsoprtion
Osmotic/fermentative
No blood, no tenesmus

29
Q

C/S of coronavirus infection usually being when the neonate is over __ days old.

A

4

30
Q

Definitive diagnosis of coronavirus

A

Viral presence and histologic lesions

31
Q

T/F: As a neonate matures, they delay entry into the cells and delay cellular destruction with coronavirus/rotavirus infections.

A

true

32
Q

Can you use oral vaccines for calves against rotavirus and coronavirus, like you can with enterotoxigenic e. coli?

A

No

33
Q

T/F: Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoal infection of young calves, that is zoonotic.

A

True

34
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum is more common in ___ cows than ___ cows.

A

Dairy > beef

35
Q

T/F: Colostral antibodies are protective against Cryptosporidium parvum.

A

False

36
Q

Transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum

A

Oocytes ingested

37
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum multiply in the brush border of the ____ and ____ epithelium

A

ileum and colonic

38
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum pathogens are intra-_____, but extra-______.

A

intracellular; extracytoplasmic

39
Q

What are the two types of crypto oocysts and what do each of them do?

A

Thin walled - rupture into intestine and autoinfect

Thick walled - passed in feces

40
Q

Crypto causes villous ___ and villus ____ in the SI, along with ____ of the crypts.

A

atrophy and fusion; hyperplasia

41
Q

Shedding of crypto is the highest at ____ days of age.

A

9-14

42
Q

Type of diarrhea in crypto

A

Loose to watery
Malabsorption
Altered electrolyte transport

43
Q

Definitive dx of crypto

A

Oocysts in feces
Trophozoites/schizonts in intestine
Histopathology

44
Q

Tx of crypto

A

Fluid and electrolyte replacement

45
Q

Natural infection of crypto leads to ____ immunity.

A

acquired

46
Q

Crypto oocysts can survive months in what type of enviorments?

A

Cool, moist conditions

47
Q

Temperatures that destroy crypto?

A

Freezing or >65 degrees C

48
Q

Salmonellosis infection is ___ dependent.

A

Dose

49
Q

Salmonellosis causes invasive enteritis in the ___, ___ and ___

A

ileum, cecum, colon

50
Q

Salmonellosis causes _____ diarrhea, leading to loss of ___, ___ and ____ into the lumen.

A

malabsorptive; protein, fluid and electrolytes

51
Q

Salmonellosis is different than other neonatal pathogens how?

A

Causes the neonates to appear sick - bacteremic, fever, lethargy

52
Q

Type of diarrhea in salmonellosis:

A

Blood, mucosal shreds, and tenesmus

53
Q

Fecal culture for salmonellosis is done in a ___ ___ agar.

A

Brilliant green

54
Q

T/F: PCR is a good way to dx salmonella.

A

False - it is ubiquitous in the environment

55
Q

Control of salmonellosis

A

Salmonella bacterins
R-mutant bacterins (endotoxin focused)
Feed milk replacer if S. dublin is found

56
Q

T/F: Salmonella is not zoonotic.

A

False - it is zoonotic!

57
Q

Calves infected with GI pathogens are ____.

A

reservoirs

58
Q

Two main protozoan to cause coccidiosis in calves:

A

Eimeria zurneii

Eimeria bovis

59
Q

Clinical signs of coccidiosis range from ___ days up to __ year.

A

21; 1

60
Q

The type of diarrhea in coccidiosis infectoin is similar to salmonellosis (blood, mucous, tenesmu), so how can you clinically tell them apart?

A

Coccidiosis calves appear HEALTHY; while salmonella calves are very sick

61
Q

Definitive diagnosis of coccidiosis

A

Histologic evidence of typhlitis and colitis

62
Q

Tx of cocciosis

A

Amprolium in water - thiamine analogue (do not overdose - will cause PEM)
Sulfonamides
Fluids

IP11 - Food Animal Medicine (10 decks)

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