Nonsurgical GI - Motility, Abomasal and Intestinal disorders

Question 1

Primary rumenoreticular contractions aid in:

Answer 1

ingesta mixing and stratification

Question 2

Secondary rumenoreticular contractions aid in:

Answer 2

Eructation of gas

Question 3

Rumination aids in:

Answer 3

breakdown of feed

Addition of saliva

Question 4

Vagal indigestion syndrome is also called:

Answer 4

Hoflund’s syndrome

Question 5

Vagal indigestion syndrome is ____ disturbances that hinder passage.

Answer 5

Motor

Question 6

What are the two conditions that can be the result of vagal indigestion syndrome:

Answer 6

Failure of omasal transport

Pyloric outflow failure

Question 7

Failure of Omasal Transport results in the accumulation of food in the _______.

Answer 7

reticulorumen

Question 8

C/S of failure of omasal transport

Answer 8

Abdominal distension (left side, if severe may be on right side too)

Passage of large fibers in feces

Inappetent

+/- rumen contractions - weak and uncoordinated

Bradycardia

Question 9

Causes of failure of omasal transport

Answer 9

• TRP
• Abscesses
• Adhesions
• Papillomas
• Obstruction
• Diaphagmatic hernia

Question 10

Pyloric Outflow Failure C/S

Answer 10

• Feed accumulation
  
  • First backs up in abomasum (right side abdominal distension), then refluxes and backs up into omasum, and can back up into the rumen (left sided abdominal distension)
• Internal vomiting
  
  • Increase in rumen chloride - abomasum is not emptying into SI - so serum chloride drops and rises in the rumen
• Decreased fecal output
• Late stage: fluid rumen, systemic dehydration, metabolic alkalosis

Question 11

Causes of pyloric ouflow failure

Answer 11

• Abomasal amotility
• Vagal nerve motility
• Hypocalcemia
• Cranial abdominal adhesions
• Advanced pregnancy

Question 12

Pyloric Outflow Failure Treatment

Answer 12

Difficult to treat and prognosis is poor- usually cull.

Can try cathartics

Correct mechanical problems

Remove fetus

Question 13

Traumatic reticuloperitonitis is the rseult of ingestion of sharp objects that settle in the _____.

Answer 13

Reticulum

Question 14

Pleuritis as a result of sharp object penetrating the reticulum and through the diaphragm would be called _____. What if it penetrated the pericardium?

Answer 14

Traumatic reticulopleuritis

Traumatic reticulopericarditis

Question 15

C/S of TRP

Answer 15

• +/- fever
• Poor appetite
• Decreased milk production
• Cranial abdominal pain
• Abnormal rumen motility
• Scant feces
• Reluctant to move

Question 16

CBC dx of TRP

Answer 16

Neutrophilia

Hyperfibrinogenemia

Question 17

Chem panel in TRP dx

Answer 17

Hyperglobulinemia

Mild metabolic alkalosis

Question 18

Abdoinocentesis with TRP dx

Answer 18

Increased WBCs and protein

Question 19

When doing radiographs to dx TRP - why would you want to lay the cow on its back?

Answer 19

It puts the gas cap in the ventral abdomen - where the foreign body should be present, while the the ingesta gets pulled down dorsally, allowing the foregin body to be seen against a black air background.

Question 20

What can you see on an U/S when dx TRP?

Answer 20

Decreased motility

FIbrin

Perireticuar abscess

Question 21

When performing explroatory laparotomy for dx of TRP - is it better to look in the right flank or left flank?

Answer 21

Right flank - the rumen gets in the way on the left side

Question 22

Tx of TRP

Answer 22

Medical: mangets (prophylactically), antibiotics, NSAIDs, +/- fluids, exercise restriction

Surgical: rumenotomy

Question 23

classical presentation of Abomasal Impaction

Answer 23

• Beef cattle on poor forage diets
• Firm viscus in right anterioventral abdomen
• Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis

Question 24

Tx of Abomasal Impaction - Success rate?

Answer 24

Abomasotomy - poor success rate

Question 25

Abomasal Impaction is a commonly secondary to \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 25

TRP

Question 26

Tx besides sx in abomasal impaction:

Answer 26

lavage abomasum through rumenotomy Mineral oil

Question 27

The most common cause for abomasal impaction

Answer 27

Post-partum dairy cattle Poor appetite +/- ketosis floating LDA suspects

Question 28

presentation of Pyloric Outflow Failure in sheep

Answer 28

* Distention of abomasum and omasum * Rumen hypermotiltiy * Decreased fecal output * Regurgitation of abomasal contents

Question 29

Is treatment recommended in sheep with pyloric outflow failure?

Answer 29

No - by the time we see it in sheep, they are done. It is best to cull the sheep at that point.

Question 30

Causes of abomasal ulcers

Answer 30

* Not entirely known * Low abomasal pH (off feed - not chewing cud - pH will drop) * Decreased abomasal mucosal blood flow

Question 31

Are abomasal ulcers influenced by trichobezoars (hair balls)?

Answer 31

No - they do not play a role in ulcers.

Question 32

Location of abomasal ulcers in beef vs veal, vs feedlot, vs dairy cattle

Answer 32

* Beef: mid fundus on greater curvature * Veal: pyloric antrum * Feedlot: pyloric region * Dairy cattle: fundic region

Question 33

C/S of an ulcer only, without bleeding or perforation

Answer 33

* Signs are mostly associated with pain * Decreased appetite and milk production * Bruxisim * Salivation * Mild abdominal pain

Question 34

C/S with bleeding ulcer

Answer 34

C/S are the same with normal ulcer, plus: Weakness, hemorrhagic shock Melena

Question 35

C/S signs of ulcer with peritonitis

Answer 35

* Increased WBCs in peritoneal fluid * Local peritonitis * Diffuse peritonitis * Recumbanc with expiratory groan

Question 36

Tx of bleeding ulcer

Answer 36

Get the animal to eat! This will buffer the GIT. Oral antacids do not work very well Antibiotics even if not perforating

Question 37

Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome is a severe _________ enteritis.

Answer 37

Necrohemorrhagic

Question 38

Etiology of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome

Answer 38

Mainly Clostridium perfringens type A Sometimes Aspergillus fumigatus

Question 39

C/S of Hemorrhaic Bowl Syndrome

Answer 39

Acute abdominal disease - abdominal distension, accumulation of fluid and blood clot occluding the SI

Question 40

Tx for hemorrhagic bowel syndrome

Answer 40

Euthanasia or Surgery

Question 41

Control for hemorrhagic bowel syndrome

Answer 41

Decrease soluble carbohydrates to limit clostridial overgrowth Watch for sorting - animals will pick out fine grains Vaccinations - not proven to be efficacious so far

Question 42

Atresia coli is the absence of a _____ segment.

Answer 42

Colonic

Question 43

Atresia coli is a ____ abnormality, and can be scondary to a ____ insult.

Answer 43

Congenital; vascular

Question 44

T/F: Early pregnancy diagnosis may predipsoe to atresia coli.

Answer 44

True

Question 45

C/S of atresia coli

Answer 45

No feces Progressive abdominal distension +/- abdominal pain

Question 46

Definition of Atresia ani

Answer 46

Absence of anal opening

Question 47

C/S of atresia ani

Answer 47

No feces Progressive abdominal distension +/- abdominal pain May have none in females b/c feces will push through vaginal wall and will eliminate feces through the vagina

Question 48

Tx of atresia ani

Answer 48

Surgical - create a hole - however there is no anal sphincter, so the cow will dribble feces constantly

Question 49

Causes of rectal prolapse

Answer 49

Anything that increases intrapelvic pressure: Tenesmus, Coughing, Obesity, Vaingal irritation/prolapse, Excessively short tail docking

Question 50

Tx of rectal prolapse

Answer 50

Often reoccur Replace prolapse: purse string, iodine injections, alcohol epidural to reduce straining, amputation