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IP11 - Food Animal Medicine > Nonsurgical GI - Diarrheal Disorders > Flashcards

Nonsurgical GI - Diarrheal Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Bovine virus diarrhea virus - what kind is it?

A

Pestivirus RNA virus

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2
Q

Two biotypes of BVDV

A

Cytopathic - kills cells

Noncytopathic - does not kill cells

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3
Q

Genotypes of BVDV

A

Type I: A and B

Type II

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4
Q

BVDV has a high ____ diversity and a high rate of _____.

A

Antigenic; mutation

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5
Q

Pathophysiology of BVDV

A
  • Contact with infected excretions/secretions
  • Virus is taken up by reticuloendothelial cells
  • Replication in lymphocytes and macropahges
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6
Q

BVDV leads to viremia in which three organ systems:

A

GIT, respiratory tract, and reproductive tract

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7
Q

C/S of bvdv

A

Most often subclinical infection

May see:

Diarrhea +/- blood, fever, decreased feed intake, decreased milk production, orla erosions

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8
Q

The more virulent type of BVDV is what genotype?

A

Type II - increased severity of clinical signs, significant mortality

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9
Q

Why does BVDV cause hemorrhage - petechia, ecchymosis, bleeding from injection sites, bloody diarrhea, and epistaxis?

A

Destruction or sequestration of platelets

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10
Q

Immunosupression caused by BVDV leads to:

A
  • Transient leukopenia/lymphopenia
  • Altered T and B lymphocyte function
  • Altered neutrophil function
  • Altered monocyte/macropahge function
  • Decreased resistance to secondary infections
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11
Q

Between what days of gestation will a fetus develop persistent viremia b/c their immune system will recognize the virus as self (immunotolerant?

A

80-100 days- needs to be a non-cytopathogenic virus

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12
Q

Available tests for BVDV:

A
  • Virus isolatio and PCR - look for antigen
  • Serology - looks for antibody against BVDV
  • IHC of skin biopsy
  • Antigen capture ELISA - a serum test looking for antigen
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13
Q

Mucosal disease with BVDV in PI calves occurs when the PI calf is exposed to a cytopathic virus that is _______ similar to the noncytopathic virus that the calf is infected with.

A

antigenically

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14
Q

When a PI calf with BVDV is exposed to a cytopathic virus that is antigenically similar to the noncytopathic virus, what happens to the calf?

A

Overwhelming viremia, severe clinical signs, and even death because the calf does not even mount an immune response becuase the calf does not recognize the virus as foreign because it is so antienically simliar to the noncytopathic virus that it was originally infected with during gestation (80-100 days of gestation).

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15
Q

Calves which nurse BVDV seropositive cows will have ____ titers, reardless of infection status.

A

Positive

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16
Q

Which tests will be positive in an acutely infected animal with BVDV?

A

Only virus isolation/PCR (too early to mount an immune response to show up on serology)

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17
Q

When do we see a BVDV positive IHC on a skin biopsy?

A

Only in a persistently infected cow

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18
Q

Control measures of BVDV

A

Remove PI cattle

Whole herd screening when entire herd is open becuase you may have pregnant cow harboring a persistent calf if the whole herd is not open.

MLV vaccines - PRIOR to infection

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19
Q

MC transmission of salmonellosis

A

Fecal-oral - cow eating fecal material

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20
Q

Most salmonellosis infections present as ______.

A

subclinical

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21
Q

MC species of salmonella - serovar B (2)?

What is the most common host?

A

S. typhimurium and S. agona

Found in ALL species

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22
Q

MC salmonella species - serovar C?

Most common hosts?

A

S. newport

Cattle and sheep

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23
Q

MC salmonella serovar D?

MC host?

A

S. dublin - cattle

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24
Q

What species of salmonella is shed in in milk?

A

S. dublin (serovar D)

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25
Q

C/S of Salmonellosis

A

Most are subacute.

If they do show C/S, they include:

Septicemia (fever, anorexia)

acute enteritis (bloody, mucus dairrhea with casts; dehydration)

and rarely chronic enteritis

26
Q

Definitve diagnosis of salmonella

A

Microbiological isolation from tissue samples

27
Q

Practical dx of salmonella

A

Characteristic clinical signs + positive fecal culture should be enough for you to treat for salmonella, even though the dairrhea may not be due to salmonella, it most likely is.

28
Q

T/F: it is improtant to treat carriers of salmonella.

A

False

29
Q

Tx of clinical disease in salmonella

A

Appropriate antibitoics (gram negative spectrum) - Ceftiofur

Anti-inflammatory agents

Fluid therapy/acid-base

Cull

30
Q

While winter dysentery has an undertermined etiology, what is the suspected cause of it?

A

Coronavirus

31
Q

C/S of winter dysntery

A

Fever

Fulminate diarrhea (dark/bloody, rapid spread)

Respriatory signs

Decreased milk production

32
Q

Winter dysentery is most sever in ____ adults, but absent in _____.

A

Young adults; absent in youngstock

33
Q

Clinical course of winter dysentery?

When does herd outbreak resolve?

Mortality?

A

Clinical course = 3 days

Herd outbreak resolves within 2 weeks

High morbidity but NO mortality!

34
Q

Another name for M. avium ssp paratuberculosis infection?

A

Johne’s Disease

35
Q

Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis is an ___ fast organism related to TB, leprosy, and M. avium.

A

acid

36
Q

M. avium ssp paratuberculosis persists in ____ for up to 1 year. Alkaline ____ have decreased organism survival.

A

Soil; soil

37
Q

M avium ssp paratuberculosis resists pasteurization at ___ degrees C for ___ minutes.

A

63; 30

38
Q

Host range of M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis

A

Cattle, sheep and goats

other feral and domestic ruminants

occasionally in camelids

39
Q

Most common route of transmission of M. avium spp paratuberculosis?

A

Fecal-oral

40
Q

Can M. avium ssp paratuberculosis be transmitted transplacentally and sexually?

A

Yes

41
Q

MC age of M. avium ssp paratuberculosis infection?

A

Neonates - does not mean they develop C/S - simply pick up the organism at an early age

42
Q

Vast majority of animals will pick up M. avium ssp paratuberculosis within the first ___ months of life.

A

2

43
Q

M avium ssp paratuberculosis is more common in dairy or beef cattle?

A

Dairy

44
Q

Stage 1 infection of M. avium ssp. paratubuerculosis

A

Silent - no clinical signs and no ill effects, generally seronegative, may be culture positive

45
Q

Stage 2 infeciton of M. avium ssp paratuberculosis

A

Subclinical - potential, mildly decreased productivity, often seronegative, 20% culture positive

46
Q

Stage 3 of M. avium ssp paratuberculosis infection

A

Clinical disease - decreased production and body coniditon, episodic diarrhea, with normal appetite and often excessive thirst

47
Q

Stage 4 infection with M. avium ssp paratuberculosis

A

Advanced clinical disease - emaciation, fluid diarrhea, +/- edema, weakness

48
Q

For each animal in stage 3 infeciton with M. avium ssp paratuberculosis, expect at least _______ animals in stage 2 and stage 1 infection.

A

16 - 25

49
Q

Peak incidence of M. avium ssp paratuberculosis

A

3-5 years of age

50
Q

C/S of M. avium ssp paratuberculosis rarely occur before ___ years of age.

A

2

51
Q

Common C/S in cattle with M. avium ssp paratuberculosis infection

A

Chronic progressive weight loss

Excellent appetite!

Calving often precipitates C/Ss

Singular animals ill at any time

Diarrhea - itnermittent progressing to persistent, watery wihtout blood or casts

Increased external parasite burden

Dependent edema, bottle jaw.

52
Q

T/F: Cows showing C/S of M. avium ssp paratuberculosis infection have a poor appetite.

A

False - they have an excellent appetite despite signs of weight loss

53
Q

What kind of diarrhea is MC in cattle infected with M. avium ssp paratuberculosis showing clinical signs?

A

Watery WITHOUT blood or casts

54
Q

C/S of M. avium ssp paratuberculosis in sheep?

A

Chronic weight loss

diarrhea is RARE

55
Q

MC tests used to dx M. avium ssp paratuberculosis

A

Serology - ELISA (worry about false negatives and positives with subclinical animals) - trust serology in clinical animal

Fecal culture

Fecal PCR

56
Q

Two types of fecal cultures used to test for M. avium ssp paratuberculosis? What are the differences?

A

Herrold’s egg yolk fecal culture - takes up to 16 weeks to dx negative; better test for sheep

TREK liquid media - only takes a couple weeks for positive to show up

57
Q

What is the best test to dx M. avium ssp paratuberculosis in sheep?

A

Serology - ELISA

58
Q

Eosinophilic enterocolitis presents similarly to which disease?

A

Johnes disease - M. avium ssp paratuberculosis

59
Q

Eosinophilic enterocolitis is a _____ diarrhea.

A

malabsorptive

60
Q

Tx for eosinophilic enterocolitis:

A

Steroids

61
Q

Why is it improtant to take a biopsy dx for eosinophilic enterocolitis before tx with steroids?

A

B/c johnes disease will also respond to steroids but then become much worse - so we need to be sure the animal does not have Johnes disease

IP11 - Food Animal Medicine (10 decks)

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