Noncoding RNA

Question 1

definition noncoding RNA

Answer 1

not making proteins

Question 2

C-value paradox

Answer 2

“the larger the genome the more complex the organism”
-> not true

Question 3

circRNA

Answer 3

circular RNA
enriched in brain

Question 4

lncRNA

Answer 4

long noncoding RNA
40% enriched in brain

Question 5

miRNA

Answer 5

enriched in brain
sometimes even specific
affects plasticity

Question 6

ncRNA in evolution

Answer 6

positive selection
species specific
associated with CNS
proportion in humans much higher

Question 7

HARF1

Answer 7

= human accelerated region
ncRNA
regulating development
overlap & analogue with HAR1B

Question 8

how to study molecules

Answer 8

loss of function (most important)
gain of function

Question 9

total miRNA knockout

Answer 9

by knocking out dicers
animals smaller
severe neurodegeneration
-> miRNA regulated everything

Question 10

which cells are affected in AD

Answer 10

all of them
(in the brain)

Question 11

miRNA drug administration problems

Answer 11

crossing BBB
have to reach nucleus
complex unpredictable secondary structure
genomic overlap with actual genes

Question 12

radial glial-like

Answer 12

= neural stem cells in dentate

Question 13

miR132

Answer 13

goes down in AD
increasing it reduces both amyloid and tau
knockout shows much less neurogenesis

Question 14

cell-autonomous

Answer 14

manipulation needs to affect only one cell type
to show causality
issue: there is no perfect promotor

Question 15

single nucleus sequencing

Answer 15

= sequencing each cell’s nucleus
done for human postmortem tissue
as it’s usually too old for single-cell

Question 16

issues with markers

Answer 16

you should never only use one
animal derived markers are problematic