Gut Immune Brain Axis

Question 1

paradigms for studying the microbiome

Answer 1

germ-free mice
infection studies
antibiotic
probiotic
fecal transplantation studies

Question 2

pathways between gut and brain

Answer 2

immune through epthelium and mucus
neuroendorcine
enteric nervous system (ENS) and vagus nerve
circulatory system

Question 3

germ-free mice behavior

Answer 3

less social
more repetitive behavior
normalize somewhat with microbice introduction
increase e. g. BDNF

Question 4

probiotics definition

Answer 4

life microorganisms which confer health benefits

Question 5

lactobacillus effects

Answer 5

mice get less anxious
reduced immobility in forced swimming
less acute stress response

Question 6

prebiotic fibers

Answer 6

not digestible by humans
in milk and vegetables
i. e. galacto- and fructooligosaccherides

Question 7

prebiotics effects

Answer 7

improve intestinal barrier
reduce systemic inflammation
makes mice les anxious
makes humans more positive
glalacto > fructo

Question 8

autism and microbiome

Answer 8

impaired intestinal barrier
abdominal problems
correlation between GI problems and ASD score
more inflammation in gut
generally altered microbiome
food allergies very common

Question 9

omits of microbiome

Answer 9

metagenomics

Question 10

mTOR

Answer 10

control energy availability in cells
target in autism
correlates with immune disturbance
influenced by short chain fatty acids
reduced size in organdies

Question 11

p-cresol

Answer 11

affects proteases ADAM10 and 17
regulating immune response
also influencing synaptic pruning

Question 12

PD and the gut

Answer 12

almost all have prodromal constipation
gut phenotype of PD
alpha synuclein in GI
human microbe implantation worsened symptoms in models
only if vagus nerve is intact

Question 13

TLR4 knockout

Answer 13

no leaky gut
reduced GI inflammation
no alpha synuclein accumulation
less constipation
-> peripheral treatment target in PD?