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Mbb231 > Non Protein Basis Of Life > Flashcards

Non Protein Basis Of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Most abundant form of organic matter

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

Carbohydrates roles

A

1- Energy (storage and immediate)
2- Metabolic intermediate
3- Structural component if DNA/RNA
4- Structural component of cell wall bacteria/plant
5- Glycoproteins/Glycolipids

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3
Q

Most sugar formula

A

(CH2O)n

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4
Q

What makes sugars water soluble?

A

Hydroxyl group

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5
Q

Carbonyl group at an internal position

A

Ketose

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6
Q

Carbonyl is located at one end

A

Aldose

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7
Q

C6H12O6

A

Glucose or Galactose or Mannose
-(isomers: differ in spatial arrangement)

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8
Q

Sugars with more than 5 carbons

A

Self-react to produce a ring-containg molecule

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9
Q

Anomeric carbon

A

Carbon derived from the carbonyl of ketone or aldehyde of the open chain

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10
Q

Ring with 5 carbons and 1 oxygen

A

Pyranose

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11
Q

Asymmetric carbon in pyranose that make glucopyranose

A

C1

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12
Q

Alpha-pyranose

A

OH on C1 is below the plane of ring

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13
Q

Beta-glucopyranose

A

OH upward, above the plane of ring

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14
Q

Monosaccharides linked by covalent bonds

A

Glycosidic bonds

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15
Q

Glycosidic bond within two———

A

Hydroxyl groups of monosaccharides

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16
Q

Alpha-glycosidic bond

A

Form U

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17
Q

Betta-glycosidic bond

A

Forms zigzag bond

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18
Q

Maltose

A

Alpha-D-glycose + Betta-D-glucose
Alpha(1->4)

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19
Q

Cellubiose

A

Betta-D-glucose + Alpha-D-glucose
Betta(1->4)

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20
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose-alpha(1->2)-Fructose

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21
Q

Lactose

A

Galactose-betta(1->4)-glucose

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22
Q

O-glycosidic bind

A

Anomeric carbon + hydroxyl

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23
Q

N-glycosidc bond

A

Anomeric carbon + Nitrogen

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24
Q

Polysaccharide

A

1- long chain polymers that are not informational molecules
2- consist of single kind OR alternating pattern of two

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25
Polysaccharide functions
1- Storage - starch 2- Structural - cellulose 3- Signaling - oligosaccharides
26
Monosaccharides have multiple OH groups that can participate in glycosidic bonds
Memorize :)
27
Storage polysaccharide
1- Starch: in plant cell - Amylose - Amylopectin 2- Glycogen: in animals’ liver and muscle tissues
28
Amylose
linear with alpha(1-4)
29
Amylopectin
Not linear with alpha(1-4) + alpha(1-6) - branch every 25th glucose - side chain of 20-25 glucose
30
Glycogen
Not linear with alpha(1-4) + alpha(1-6) - branch every 10th glucose - side chain 8-12 glucose
31
Structural polysaccharide
Plant cell wall - microfibrils in plant cell wall - Most abundant organic material - CELLULOSE - CHITIN - GAGS
32
Formation of helical shapes
Alpha-glycosidic bonds
33
Rigid Linear rods - microfibrils
Betta-glycosidic bonds
34
Signaling polysaccharide
Glycojungates: signaling carbohydrates covalently joined to a protein or lipid -glycoprotein -glycolipid
35
Glycoproteins
One or more oligosaccharides covalently joined to a protein
36
Where glycosylation happen
In ER AND GOLGI
37
O-linked glycoprotein
Oligosaccharide in a glycosidic bond with SERINE or THREONINE HYDROXYL
38
N-linked glycoprotein
Oligosaccharides in glycosidic bond with AMIDE NITROGEN OF ASPARAGINE
39
Glycomics
Systematic characterization of all the carbohydrate components of cell or tissue
40
Blood type
Determined by CELL SURFACE CARBOHYDRATES of the red blood cell protein
41
Nucleic acids functions
1- Store 2- Transmit 3- Express genetic information
42
Nucleic acids are linear or non-linear?
Linear polymers
43
RNA
5-carbon ribose Expressing genetic information
44
DNA
Deoxyribose Repository of genetic information
45
RNA DNA different nucleotides
1- Purines (G,A) 2- pyrimidine (C,U,T)
46
Each nucleotide consist of:
1- five carbon sugar 2- phosphate group 3- Nitrogen aromatic base
47
Each nucleotide can exist as:
- free base (adenine) - nucleoside (adenosine) - nucleotide (1,2,3 phosphate) AMP ADP ATP *** in DNA, deoxynucleotide (dATP)
48
Nucleic acids formation
1- linear polymers (polynucleotide) 2- linked by 5’-3’ phosphodiester bridge 3- process directionally 5’ at one end and 3’ in the other end 4- written in 5’ to 3’ direction
49
Complementary base pairing
A with T with 2 HB G with C with 3 HB
50
Mismatched base pairing
1- Lower affinity 2 Spatial constraint
51
Nucleotides other functions rather than DNA
ATP: fuel for metabolic reactions Coenzyme A: synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids cAMP: second messengers
52
Lipids
-not polymer -heterogeneous category of biological molecules, classified together due to their solubility -most are amphipathic -macromolecules due to 1- high cellular weight 2- importance in cellular structure
53
Lipid function
- energy storage - membrane structure - signal transmission
54
6 classes of lipids are based on ——
Structure
55
Six classes of lipids:
1- fatty acids 2- triacylglycerols 3- phospholipids 4- steroids 5- glycolipids 6- terpenes
56
Fatty acids
1- long unbranched hydrocarbons 2- Carboxyl group at one end 3- 12-20 carbon long 4- highly reduced and so have large amount of energy upon oxidation 5- polar carboxyl group is HEAD 6- nonpolar hydrocarbon is TAIL
57
Why even numbers of carbons are favored in fatty acids?
Due to stepwise addition of two-carbon to growing chain
58
Fatty acids vary on #double bonds in chain
SATURATED: - long and straight chain UNSATURATED: - orientation around the double bind is cis which insert a bend (30 degree) - cis bond reduce van der waals interaction —> decreasing melting point— usually liquid
59
Hydrogenation
Chemical process Hydrogen are added to mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturated fats to reduce the number of double bonds Vegetable oil to margarine
60
Long saturated chain
Can pack closely together to form solid structures
61
Hydrogenation creates
-Creats trans fatty acids -Raise LDL -Raise cholesterol level
62
Triacylglycerols
Glycerol (three carbon alcohol/hydroxyl on each carbon) + three fatty acids (linked one at a time by ester bond and removal of water)
63
Main function triacylglycerols
Energy storage/provide insulation
64
Fat
Triacylglycerols containing mostly saturated fats -Solid
65
Phospholipids and water relation
Amphipathic: - one end contains phosphate(hydrophilic) - other end has fatty acids(hydrophobic)
66
Diacylglycerol
Phospholipid that has two fatty acids chain THIRD HYDROXYL bonded to phosphate group (polar head)
67
Steroids
-four-ringed hydrocarbon skeleton -relatively non-polar — hydrophobic - different in position double bond and functional groups - most common : cholesterol
68
Starting material for synthesis steroid hormones
Cholesterol
69
Two important sex hormones
Estrogens — ovaries of female Androgens — male testes
70
Glucocorticoids
Hormones that promote synthesis of glucose and suppress inflammation
71
Mineralcorticoids
Regulate ion balance by reabsorption of sodium, chloride, bicarbonate by KIDNEY
72
Fluidity of phospholipid/steroid determines by
Length and degree of saturation and temperature
73
Terpenes
— isoprenoids Synthesized from five-carbon compounds ISOPRENE Ex. Vitamin A, coenzyme Q

Mbb231 (19 decks)

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