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Mbb231 > Non Protein Basis Of Life > Flashcards

Non Protein Basis Of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Most abundant form of organic matter

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

Carbohydrates roles

A

1- Energy (storage and immediate)
2- Metabolic intermediate
3- Structural component if DNA/RNA
4- Structural component of cell wall bacteria/plant
5- Glycoproteins/Glycolipids

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3
Q

Most sugar formula

A

(CH2O)n

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4
Q

What makes sugars water soluble?

A

Hydroxyl group

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5
Q

Carbonyl group at an internal position

A

Ketose

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6
Q

Carbonyl is located at one end

A

Aldose

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7
Q

C6H12O6

A

Glucose or Galactose or Mannose
-(isomers: differ in spatial arrangement)

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8
Q

Sugars with more than 5 carbons

A

Self-react to produce a ring-containg molecule

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9
Q

Anomeric carbon

A

Carbon derived from the carbonyl of ketone or aldehyde of the open chain

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10
Q

Ring with 5 carbons and 1 oxygen

A

Pyranose

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11
Q

Asymmetric carbon in pyranose that make glucopyranose

A

C1

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12
Q

Alpha-pyranose

A

OH on C1 is below the plane of ring

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13
Q

Beta-glucopyranose

A

OH upward, above the plane of ring

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14
Q

Monosaccharides linked by covalent bonds

A

Glycosidic bonds

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15
Q

Glycosidic bond within two———

A

Hydroxyl groups of monosaccharides

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16
Q

Alpha-glycosidic bond

A

Form U

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17
Q

Betta-glycosidic bond

A

Forms zigzag bond

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18
Q

Maltose

A

Alpha-D-glycose + Betta-D-glucose
Alpha(1->4)

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19
Q

Cellubiose

A

Betta-D-glucose + Alpha-D-glucose
Betta(1->4)

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20
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose-alpha(1->2)-Fructose

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21
Q

Lactose

A

Galactose-betta(1->4)-glucose

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22
Q

O-glycosidic bind

A

Anomeric carbon + hydroxyl

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23
Q

N-glycosidc bond

A

Anomeric carbon + Nitrogen

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24
Q

Polysaccharide

A

1- long chain polymers that are not informational molecules
2- consist of single kind OR alternating pattern of two

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25
Q

Polysaccharide functions

A

1- Storage - starch
2- Structural - cellulose
3- Signaling - oligosaccharides

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26
Q

Monosaccharides have multiple OH groups that can participate in glycosidic bonds

A

Memorize :)

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27
Q

Storage polysaccharide

A

1- Starch: in plant cell
- Amylose
- Amylopectin
2- Glycogen: in animals’ liver and muscle tissues

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28
Q

Amylose

A

linear with alpha(1-4)

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29
Q

Amylopectin

A

Not linear with alpha(1-4) + alpha(1-6)
- branch every 25th glucose
- side chain of 20-25 glucose

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30
Q

Glycogen

A

Not linear with alpha(1-4) + alpha(1-6)
- branch every 10th glucose
- side chain 8-12 glucose

31
Q

Structural polysaccharide

A

Plant cell wall - microfibrils in plant cell wall
- Most abundant organic material
- CELLULOSE
- CHITIN
- GAGS

32
Q

Formation of helical shapes

A

Alpha-glycosidic bonds

33
Q

Rigid Linear rods - microfibrils

A

Betta-glycosidic bonds

34
Q

Signaling polysaccharide

A

Glycojungates: signaling carbohydrates covalently joined to a protein or lipid
-glycoprotein
-glycolipid

35
Q

Glycoproteins

A

One or more oligosaccharides covalently joined to a protein

36
Q

Where glycosylation happen

A

In ER AND GOLGI

37
Q

O-linked glycoprotein

A

Oligosaccharide in a glycosidic bond with SERINE or THREONINE HYDROXYL

38
Q

N-linked glycoprotein

A

Oligosaccharides in glycosidic bond with AMIDE NITROGEN OF ASPARAGINE

39
Q

Glycomics

A

Systematic characterization of all the carbohydrate components of cell or tissue

40
Q

Blood type

A

Determined by CELL SURFACE CARBOHYDRATES of the red blood cell protein

41
Q

Nucleic acids functions

A

1- Store
2- Transmit
3- Express genetic information

42
Q

Nucleic acids are linear or non-linear?

A

Linear polymers

43
Q

RNA

A

5-carbon ribose
Expressing genetic information

44
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribose
Repository of genetic information

45
Q

RNA DNA different nucleotides

A

1- Purines (G,A)
2- pyrimidine (C,U,T)

46
Q

Each nucleotide consist of:

A

1- five carbon sugar
2- phosphate group
3- Nitrogen aromatic base

47
Q

Each nucleotide can exist as:

A
  • free base (adenine)
  • nucleoside (adenosine)
  • nucleotide (1,2,3 phosphate) AMP ADP ATP
    *** in DNA, deoxynucleotide (dATP)
48
Q

Nucleic acids formation

A

1- linear polymers (polynucleotide)
2- linked by 5’-3’ phosphodiester bridge
3- process directionally 5’ at one end and 3’ in the other end
4- written in 5’ to 3’ direction

49
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

A with T with 2 HB
G with C with 3 HB

50
Q

Mismatched base pairing

A

1- Lower affinity
2 Spatial constraint

51
Q

Nucleotides other functions rather than DNA

A

ATP: fuel for metabolic reactions
Coenzyme A: synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids
cAMP: second messengers

52
Q

Lipids

A

-not polymer
-heterogeneous category of biological molecules, classified together due to their solubility
-most are amphipathic
-macromolecules due to
1- high cellular weight
2- importance in cellular structure

53
Q

Lipid function

A
  • energy storage
  • membrane structure
  • signal transmission
54
Q

6 classes of lipids are based on ——

55
Q

Six classes of lipids:

A

1- fatty acids
2- triacylglycerols
3- phospholipids
4- steroids
5- glycolipids
6- terpenes

56
Q

Fatty acids

A

1- long unbranched hydrocarbons
2- Carboxyl group at one end
3- 12-20 carbon long
4- highly reduced and so have large amount of energy upon oxidation
5- polar carboxyl group is HEAD
6- nonpolar hydrocarbon is TAIL

57
Q

Why even numbers of carbons are favored in fatty acids?

A

Due to stepwise addition of two-carbon to growing chain

58
Q

Fatty acids vary on #double bonds in chain

A

SATURATED:
- long and straight chain
UNSATURATED:
- orientation around the double bind is cis which insert a bend (30 degree)
- cis bond reduce van der waals interaction —> decreasing melting point— usually liquid

59
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Chemical process
Hydrogen are added to mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturated fats to reduce the number of double bonds
Vegetable oil to margarine

60
Q

Long saturated chain

A

Can pack closely together to form solid structures

61
Q

Hydrogenation creates

A

-Creats trans fatty acids
-Raise LDL
-Raise cholesterol level

62
Q

Triacylglycerols

A

Glycerol (three carbon alcohol/hydroxyl on each carbon) + three fatty acids (linked one at a time by ester bond and removal of water)

63
Q

Main function triacylglycerols

A

Energy storage/provide insulation

64
Q

Fat

A

Triacylglycerols containing mostly saturated fats
-Solid

65
Q

Phospholipids and water relation

A

Amphipathic:
- one end contains phosphate(hydrophilic)
- other end has fatty acids(hydrophobic)

66
Q

Diacylglycerol

A

Phospholipid that has two fatty acids chain
THIRD HYDROXYL bonded to phosphate group (polar head)

67
Q

Steroids

A

-four-ringed hydrocarbon skeleton
-relatively non-polar — hydrophobic
- different in position double bond and functional groups
- most common : cholesterol

68
Q

Starting material for synthesis steroid hormones

A

Cholesterol

69
Q

Two important sex hormones

A

Estrogens — ovaries of female
Androgens — male testes

70
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Hormones that promote synthesis of glucose and suppress inflammation

71
Q

Mineralcorticoids

A

Regulate ion balance by reabsorption of sodium, chloride, bicarbonate by KIDNEY

72
Q

Fluidity of phospholipid/steroid determines by

A

Length and degree of saturation and temperature

73
Q

Terpenes

A

— isoprenoids
Synthesized from five-carbon compounds ISOPRENE
Ex. Vitamin A, coenzyme Q

Mbb231 (19 decks)

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