Immune Response Flashcards
1
Q
weapon immune system
A
1-cells that kill or ingest infect cell
2-soluble protein can neutralize/immobilize/kill pathigens
2
Q
immunity kinds
A
1- innate immunity
2- adaptive immunity
3
Q
innate is
A
non-specifc
4
Q
adaptive involve
A
T and B cells
5
Q
hematopoiesis
A
all bllod cells have limited life spans and need to be regenrated
6
Q
RBC
A
erythrocytes
7
Q
WBC
A
Leukocytes
8
Q
blood cell generation
A
1- bone marrow produce hematopoietic stem cell
2- differentiate into myeloid cell and lymphoid cell
3- myeloid differentiate into WBC and RBC
4- Lymphoid differentiate into B/T/NK cells
9
Q
two circulatory system
A
1- cardiovascular
2-lymphatic
10
Q
interstitial fluid
A
1- by positive arterial pressure of heart pumping resulting loss of fluid from circulatory to interstitial spaces
2- interstitial fluid is three times the blood
3- interstitial fluid returned to heart by lympathic circulatory system
11
Q
Lymphatic system facilitate
A
immune sytem migration and antigen transport from periphery to lymph nodes
12
Q
how cell of immune sytem get into lymphatic system?
A
through special endothelial cells in lymph nodes
13
Q
monocytes
A
from bone marrow
circulate in blood stream for 8 hrs
migrate into tissues and differentiate to macrophages
14
Q
Differentiation of monocytes to macrophage
A
1- 5/10x enlargement in isze
2- increased complexity
3- increased phagocytic ability
15
Q
macrophages lifespan
A
2-4 months
16
Q
macrophage have many
A
receptors on its cell surface that recognize pathogen ssurfaces
16
Q
PAMPS bind to
A
pattern recognition
17
Q
Pathogens then are —- activating —-
A
phagocytosed
macrophage
18
Q
binding bacteria to macrophage will
A
1- bactery degradation
2- inflammatory cytokines
19
Q
macrophages remain —- until activating
A
in resting state
20
Q
cytokines
A
substances secreted by immune system that effect on other cells
21
Q
chemokines
A
type of cytokine with chemotaxis induction
22
Q
after phagocyte of bacteria by macropphage
A
it digest pathigen and spit out most of degraded materials instead of some pieces in binding pocket of MHC
23
Q
pieces in MHC binding pocket
A
present antigens to other cells of immune system
24
neutrophils
mosy abundant granulocyte
Store and released by bon emarrow and circulate in blood for 7-10 days
25
neutrophils function
kill pathogens
26
Leukocytosis
increase in number of neutrophils indicate infection
27
neutrophil killing mechanism
extracellular
intracellular
28
eosinophils
very small amount in blood system
activation release free radical and toxic granules
29
free radicals can
kill microorganism and parasite
during allergic response can cause tissue damage
30
basophils
extremly low level in circulation
31
basophils upon activation
release histamine can cause allergic reaction
32
dendritic cells
name due to long membrane extension
under most surface epithelia in heart and kidney
33
only cell arise from myeloid and lymphoid both
dendritic cells
34
dendritic cell function
engulf pathigens
migrate via afferent lymphatic vessels to regional lymph nodes, loose phagocitosis ability but gain ability to present antigens to t cellls
35
important link betwwen innate and adaptive immune sysytem
denderitic cell release antigen in lymph nodes for t cells
36
B cell antigen
membrane bound antigen
after activation secrete
37
T cell antigen
doesnot recognize free antigen
only can bind to antigen that is bound to MHC molecule
38
antigen
molecular fragment that is recognized by an antibody an B cell receptor or bind to MHC molecule
39
Epitope
is bound by antibody and rise MHC binding peptide
40
immunogen
antigen capable of invoking immune response
41
All antigens are immunogen?
false
42
Hepten
antigen yes
immunogen no
43
lymphocytes
released from bone marrow
circulate beetween blood and lymph
either will encounter antigen and differentiate or doesn't encounter and apoptosis
44
B cells when activated differntiate to
Plasma cells that produce antibodies
antigen will be presented on B cell surface in context on class II MHC molecule
45
Professional antigen presenting cells
1- dendritic cells
2- macrophages
3- B-lymphocytes
**in order to present antigen should phagocytose
46
neutrophils can ---- but cannot ----
can phagocytose
cannt present antigens
47
T cells
CD8+
CD4+
Regulatory
48
CD8
kill infected cell with virus
49
CD4
regulate other wbc
activate macrophage/B cell/CD8
50
Regulatory T cell
suppress other lymphocytes activity
51
MHC kind
class I: always associate woith CD8 and on every nucleated cell
class II: always associate with CD4 and only on professional antigen presenting cells
52
NK cells
circulate in blood as large lymphocytes with distinct cytotoxic granules
non-specific granulelfo
53
first line of defence is
nk cells
cells will undergo apoptosis
54
primary lymphoid tissue
1- bone marrow
2- thymus
55
all cell coming from ---- stem cell from bone marrow
hematopoietic
56
b cell mature in
bone marrow
57
t cell mature in
thymus
58
innate response is
rapid
fixed
limited number of specifities
constant
min to hrs
59
adaptive response is
slow
variable
high specifities
improve during response
days
60
duration of t cell and b cell antibodies can be (memory B/T cells)
life long
61
complement
part of innate system
small proteins circulate in inactive mode
ultimate goal of them is destroy pathigen
62
complement pathway
1- pathogen recruiting by C1/C2/C4
2- cleavage C3 to C3a and C3b
3- C3b bound to surface pathogen
4- C3a recruit more phagocytes
63
cleavage of C3 will result in
1- opsonization(c3b)
2- recruitment inflammatory cells (c3a,c5a)
3- perforation pathogen membrane
4- from membrane attack complex -- cell lysis (c5-c9)
64
Opsonization
by coatin ga phatogen makin g it easier to phagocyte
65
Adaptive immune response
ultimate goal: elimination by phagocytes
Antibodies:
1- bind and neutralize bacterial toxin
2- opsonization
3-activate complement (igG/IgM)
66
antibodies are secreted by ---- and are ----
b cell
specific
67
antibodies are specific?
they tend to be specific as they have high affinity for the same virus if seen
68
what differentiate in defferent b cells
hyper variable region (HV=CDR)
tip of antigen bindign sites
69
Will every AA in HV region associate with antigen
no
both light and heavy chain has HV region and by different combination of them, different antigen can bind
70
antigen binding site
3 light chain
3 heavy chain
multiple weak non-covalent interaction
6 CDR will make an stable interaction
71
five classes of antibody based on their heavy chain
IgG
IgD
IgE
IgM
iGa
72
mature b cells express
IgM and IgD receptors
it will differentiate in lymph nodes
73
B class switch will happen in
bone marrow
74
monoclonal antibody
5 epitotes all are the same specifity
75
polyclonal antibody
5 different monoclonal epitote
76
in response to a complex antigen -------- will produced
polyclonal antiserum
77
if b cell encounter antigen
initiallt secrete IgM
then in lymphoid centers by increasing affinity can produce memory/IgG/IgA/IgE
78
During B cell development
V (variable)
D (diversity)
J (joining)
cut and respliced by DNA recombination
79
DNA recombination of VDJ is
Somatic recombination
80
B cells will helped by T cells to become fully activated and undergo
1- somatic hypermutation
2- affinity maturation
81
affinity maturation
select for mutated B cell having highest affinity for antigen
82
orhanization and arrangement of light and heavy chains will take place in ----
bone marrow
83
in bone marrow b cells that are ------ are eliminated
recognize by self antigen
84
IgM
first antibody on B cell surface
produced by primary antibody response
85
after IgM, other antibodies with ----- will respond with ---
higher affinity
higher concentration
86
secondary stimulus when seen
higher affinity antibody will work faster and sooner
87
postulates of clonal selection
1- single type of receptor has unique specifity
2- high affinity connection of foreign molecule and lymphocyte receptor leads to lymphocyte activation
3- identical specificity daughter cell with original cell
4- prevent auto-immunity
88
clonal selection
many lymphocytes
removal of self-reactive lymphocyte
foreign antigen bind with a mature lymphocyte
differentiation and clonal expansion of effector cells
89
T cells in entering the thymus does not express
CD4/CD8 specificity
mature in thymus
self-antigens are eliminated
90
t cell only activate when
Recognize antigen presented on surface of MHC protein
91
T cell recognition
1- the apoptosis recognized by T cells are buried inside
2- antigen must first broken down into peptide fragments
3- epitope binds to MHC protein
4- t cell bind complex of mhc and epitope
92
MHC class I recognized by
CD8+
93
MHC class II recognized by
CD4+
94
Dendritic cells presenting antigen are recognized by
both CD8 and CD4
95
MHC molecules
in HUman called HLA
3 HLA come from each parents (total 6)
96
every MHC molecule can bind
wide variety of peptide antigens
97
if T-cell cannot identify the antigen within MHC protein context,..
no response
98
naive B cells
B cell that have not seen B cell
99
naive b cell will transform to
plasma cells
100
high rate Ig secretion
in plasma cell
101
dendritic cell
take up bacteria at site of injury and move to lymph node and settle in T cell area
present antigen to T cell via binding with MHC
102
target cell can be
virus-infected cell
macrophage
B cell
103
CD8 will kill directly the
virus - infected cell
104
CD4 will
1- activate macrophage (cytokines)
2- Chnage B cell to plasma cell (release antibody)
105
B cell activation
1- surface Ig capture anto\igen
2- complex internalized
3- complex destroyed and T-cell epitope presented by MHC class II
4- CD4 will identify MHC-epitope complex
5- B cell dissociate to plasma cell and IgM (or class switch recombination-other Ig)
106
in TCR-MHC interaction
Both T-helper and B-cell are bound to epitope
107
what happen in dark zone
clonal expansion
somatic hypermutation
108
what happen in light zpone
improved affinity
TCL_MHC interaction
IgM and plasma cell
109
activation of CD8+
1- recognition of antigen (**additional signalling happen**)
2- proliferation: increase in number
3- differentiation: acquire special function
4- effector function: kill **apoptosis**
110
why only infected cell are eliminated
progammed efficiently to eliminate
111
NEcrosis
1-chromatin clumping swollen organelles
2-disintegration
3-release intracelellular content
4-inflammation
112
Apoptosis
1- Segregation of cytoplasm
2- Nuclear fragmentation
3- phagocytosis
