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Mbb231 > Cell And Organelles > Flashcards

Cell And Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

Unicellular organisms

A

Carry out all necessary functions in one cell

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2
Q

Multicellular organisms

A

Cells which are specialized for particular function

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3
Q

Eukaryotic cell has that prokaryotic does not have

A

1- presence of nucleus
2- extensive use of internal membrane
3- complex cytoskeleton
4- Endocytosis and exocytosis

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4
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Two membrane
1- inner membrane: define nucleus
2- outer membrane: contiguous with ER

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5
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Fuse two membranes
Transport between cytoplasm and nucleoplasm

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6
Q

DNA in nucleus is organized into ———

A

Chromosomes

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7
Q

ER

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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8
Q

ER consist of

A

1- tubular membrane
2- flattened sacs — cisternae

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9
Q

Internal space of ER is

A

Lumen

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10
Q

Cisternae vs cristae

A

Cisternae — ER
Cristae — mitochondria

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11
Q

ER kinds

A
  • smooth
  • rough
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12
Q

RER

A

Critical starting point of proteins biosynthesis
-cytoplasmic side: have ribosomes
- ribosomes synthesis polypeptide
- most membrane lipid are synthesized here

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13
Q

SER

A

-No role in protein synthesis
-Synthesis of lipid and steroid hormones
-Detoxification

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14
Q

Specialized smooth ER

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum
: storage and release calcium

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15
Q

Golgi entry side

A

Cis Golgi

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16
Q

Golgi complex

A

Accept transition vesicles from RER that enter cis golgi ( faces RER)

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17
Q

Glogi functions

A

1- processing and packaging secretory proteins
2- complex polysaccharides synthesis

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18
Q

In golgi proteins/lipids are ———

A

Glycosylated

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19
Q

Lysosomes

A

1- digestive organelles
2- single membrane
3- store hydrolases

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20
Q

Hydrolases

A
  • synthesized inER
  • transport to golgi and packaged into vesicles
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21
Q

Hydrolases function

A
  • ph activated
  • seaqestered
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22
Q

What maintain low internal ph in lysosome

A

ATP-driven H+ pump

23
Q

What protect inner side of lysosome from digesting

A

Special carbohydrate coating on inner side

24
Q

Lysosomal membrane contains transport proteins that carry———

A

Product of macromolecules digestion to the cytosol for reuse

25
Q

Degradation pathways utilizing lysosome

A

1- Endocytosis
2- Phagocytosis
3- Autophagy

26
Q

Materials to be exported from cell are packaged in ——— by ———

A

1- secretory vesicles
2- golgi complex

27
Q

Secretory vesicles after releasing from golgi

A

Move to plasma membrane
Fuse with it —— Exocytosis
Release material outside of the cell

28
Q

Endomembrane system

A

ER
Golgi
Vesicles
Lysosome

29
Q

Endomembrane system responsible for

A

Trafficking substances through the cell

30
Q

Exocytosis

A
  • proteins leave the cell
  • moleccules added to plasma membrane
31
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • cellular uptake of particles
  • nutrients, growth factor, membrane repairs
32
Q

Protein synthesis pathway

A

RER
SER
Cis golgi
Trans golgi
Secretory vesicles OR lysosome
Exocytosis

33
Q

Trans golgi to cis golgi transport
Golgi to ER transport

A

Transport back due to golgi/ER needs

34
Q

Peroxisomes

A

-single membrane
-not part of Endomembrane system
-specially inmliver and kidney cells
-FUNCTION: detoxify harmful compounds

35
Q

Peroxisomes vital role in animals

A

Oxidative breakdown of fatty acids, especially longer fatty acids (fatty acids mainly break down in mitochondria but it can’t oxidize >12 carbons)

36
Q

Oxidases

A

Remove hydrogen atoms from specific organic substances

37
Q

H2O2 is broken by

A

Catalase

38
Q

Peroxisomes can

A

Generate and degrade H2O2

39
Q

Mitochondria has

A

2 membrane
3 regions

40
Q

Mitochondria membranes

A

-outer membrane: relatively permeable, contain porins, free movement small molecules and ions

-inner membrane: highly permeable, permeability barrier to most solutes, folded into cristae(interior of mitochondria), respiratory proteins are embedded the inner membrane

41
Q

Density of cristae is related to ———

A

Respiration activity of a cell

42
Q

Mitochondria 3 regions

A
  • matrix: within the inner membrane, most of the enzymes, contain DNA and ribosomes
  • intermembrane space: between outer and inner membrane

-intracristal space: region were protons can accumulate during electron transport

43
Q

Mitochondria contain proteins

A
  • encoded by their own DNA
  • encoded by nuclear genes
44
Q

Human mitochondrion genome

A

Encodes 5% of all RNA and proteins needed by mitochondria
** 95% comes from the cell itself

45
Q

Mitochondria function

A

1- principle site of ATP production
2- number and location of mitochondria vary according to their role
3- tissues with high demand for ATP have many mitochondria
4- regulation if apoptosis

46
Q

Chloroplast are site of

A

Photosynthesis

47
Q

Endosymbiont theory

A

Mitochondria and chloroplast evolved from ancient bacteria

48
Q

Similarities between mitochondria/chloroplasts/bacteria

A

-Resemble bacteria size and shape
-Surrounded by double membrane
-All three have circular DNA molecules
-Mitochondria/chloroplasts are sensitives to bacterial inhibitors of RNA

49
Q

Vacuoles

A

-90% of plant cells
-fluid-filled structures
-single membrane

50
Q

Ribosomes

A

Each species have unique type of rRNA
Very numerous
Mitochondria/chloroplasts/bacteria have same size and composition ribosomes

51
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • 3D interconnected microfilaments, microtobules, intermediate filaments

-FUNCTION: strength, shape, internal organization, cell movement, cell division

52
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Protein, glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans

ECM is secreted and maintained by cells

53
Q

ECM functions

A

Support
Protect
Rigidity
Substrate for motility

Mbb231 (19 decks)

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