- synthesized inER - transport to golgi and packaged into vesicles

Cell And Organelles Flashcards by Mahan Tavakolian

Unicellular organisms

Carry out all necessary functions in one cell

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Multicellular organisms

Cells which are specialized for particular function

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Eukaryotic cell has that prokaryotic does not have

1- presence of nucleus
2- extensive use of internal membrane
3- complex cytoskeleton
4- Endocytosis and exocytosis

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Nuclear envelope

Two membrane
1- inner membrane: define nucleus
2- outer membrane: contiguous with ER

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Nuclear pores

Fuse two membranes
Transport between cytoplasm and nucleoplasm

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DNA in nucleus is organized into ———

Chromosomes

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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ER consist of

1- tubular membrane
2- flattened sacs — cisternae

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Internal space of ER is

Lumen

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Cisternae vs cristae

Cisternae — ER
Cristae — mitochondria

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ER kinds

smooth
rough

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RER

Critical starting point of proteins biosynthesis
-cytoplasmic side: have ribosomes
- ribosomes synthesis polypeptide
- most membrane lipid are synthesized here

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SER

-No role in protein synthesis
-Synthesis of lipid and steroid hormones
-Detoxification

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Specialized smooth ER

Sarcoplasmic reticulum
: storage and release calcium

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Golgi entry side

Cis Golgi

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Golgi complex

Accept transition vesicles from RER that enter cis golgi ( faces RER)

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Glogi functions

1- processing and packaging secretory proteins
2- complex polysaccharides synthesis

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In golgi proteins/lipids are ———

Glycosylated

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Lysosomes

1- digestive organelles
2- single membrane
3- store hydrolases

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Hydrolases

synthesized inER
transport to golgi and packaged into vesicles

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Hydrolases function

ph activated
seaqestered

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What maintain low internal ph in lysosome

ATP-driven H+ pump

What protect inner side of lysosome from digesting

Special carbohydrate coating on inner side

Lysosomal membrane contains transport proteins that carry———

Product of macromolecules digestion to the cytosol for reuse

Degradation pathways utilizing lysosome

1- Endocytosis 2- Phagocytosis 3- Autophagy

Materials to be exported from cell are packaged in ——— by ———

1- secretory vesicles 2- golgi complex

Secretory vesicles after releasing from golgi

Move to plasma membrane Fuse with it —— Exocytosis Release material outside of the cell

Endomembrane system

ER Golgi Vesicles Lysosome

Endomembrane system responsible for

Trafficking substances through the cell

Exocytosis

- proteins leave the cell - moleccules added to plasma membrane

Endocytosis

- cellular uptake of particles - nutrients, growth factor, membrane repairs

Protein synthesis pathway

RER SER Cis golgi Trans golgi Secretory vesicles OR lysosome Exocytosis

Trans golgi to cis golgi transport Golgi to ER transport

Transport back due to golgi/ER needs

Peroxisomes

-single membrane -not part of Endomembrane system -specially inmliver and kidney cells -FUNCTION: detoxify harmful compounds

Peroxisomes vital role in animals

Oxidative breakdown of fatty acids, especially longer fatty acids (fatty acids mainly break down in mitochondria but it can’t oxidize >12 carbons)

Oxidases

Remove hydrogen atoms from specific organic substances

H2O2 is broken by

Catalase

Peroxisomes can

Generate and degrade H2O2

Mitochondria has

2 membrane 3 regions

Mitochondria membranes

-outer membrane: relatively permeable, contain porins, free movement small molecules and ions -inner membrane: highly permeable, permeability barrier to most solutes, folded into cristae(interior of mitochondria), respiratory proteins are embedded the inner membrane

Density of cristae is related to ———

Respiration activity of a cell

Mitochondria 3 regions

- matrix: within the inner membrane, most of the enzymes, contain DNA and ribosomes - intermembrane space: between outer and inner membrane -intracristal space: region were protons can accumulate during electron transport

Mitochondria contain proteins

- encoded by their own DNA - encoded by nuclear genes

Human mitochondrion genome

Encodes 5% of all RNA and proteins needed by mitochondria **** 95% comes from the cell itself

Mitochondria function

1- principle site of ATP production 2- number and location of mitochondria vary according to their role 3- tissues with high demand for ATP have many mitochondria 4- regulation if apoptosis

Chloroplast are site of

Photosynthesis

Endosymbiont theory

Mitochondria and chloroplast evolved from ancient bacteria

Similarities between mitochondria/chloroplasts/bacteria

-Resemble bacteria size and shape -Surrounded by double membrane -All three have circular DNA molecules -Mitochondria/chloroplasts are sensitives to bacterial inhibitors of RNA

Vacuoles

-90% of plant cells -fluid-filled structures -single membrane

Ribosomes

Each species have unique type of rRNA Very numerous Mitochondria/chloroplasts/bacteria have same size and composition ribosomes

Cytoskeleton

- 3D interconnected microfilaments, microtobules, intermediate filaments -FUNCTION: strength, shape, internal organization, cell movement, cell division

Extracellular matrix

Protein, glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans ECM is secreted and maintained by cells

ECM functions

Support Protect Rigidity Substrate for motility