Bioenergetics

Question 1

Enenrgy

Answer 1

capacity of cause specific physical or chemical changes

Question 2

Chemoheterotroph

Answer 2

human
carbon from organic compounds

Question 3

Bioenergetic

Answer 3

subset of thermodynamics
how the biological world gain and use energy

Question 4

1 molecule of glucose can couple with – of ATP molecules

Answer 4

30

Question 5

chemotrophs

Answer 5

energy from oxidizing mebolic fuel

Question 6

how many oxidizing state for carbon

Answer 6

5

Question 7

most oxidizing state of carbon

Answer 7

CO2

Question 8

1st law of thermodynamics

Answer 8

total energy universe remain the same

Question 9

2nd law

Answer 9

universe always tend to greater randomness

Question 10

measure of randomness

Answer 10

Entropy

Question 11

Delta entropy universe is

Answer 11

positive for every spontaneous reaction

Question 12

Enthalpy

Answer 12

heat content of a system

Question 13

Gibbs free energy

Answer 13

dG=dH-TdS

Question 14

Spontaneous reaction

Answer 14

dG negative
Exergonic
release free energy

Question 15

nonspontaneous reaction

Answer 15

dG positive
Endergonic
Use free energy

Question 16

system at equilibrium

Answer 16

dG zero
no net flow
enthalpy and entropy changes are exactly balanced

Question 17

dG =

Answer 17

dG(0) + 2.303 RTK(eq)

Question 18

Equilibrium constant

Answer 18

Reaction product conc. to reactant conc.

Question 19

one way in biological pathway, making a reaction more favourable

Answer 19

constantly using product

Question 20

Homeostasis

Answer 20

Maintain a dynamic steady state far from equilibrium

Question 21

Speed of reaction and dG has – relation

Answer 21

no

Question 22

enzyme kinetic is based on

Answer 22

Activation energy

Question 23

all cellular processes are catalized by

Answer 23

enzyme or riboenzyme

Question 24

enzyme/riboenzyme properties

Answer 24

1- required in small amount
2- physiological temperature and pH
3- reusable
4- highly specific to their substrate
5- generate a specific product
6- they change the rate not dG

Question 25

Metastable rate

Answer 25

thermodynamically unstable but does not have enough energy to exceed activation energy barrier

Question 26

E(A)

Answer 26

minimum amount of energy required for reactant

Question 27

Transition state

Answer 27

precise point when equal chance of going to product or substrate

Question 28

How do enzymes reduce activation energy

Answer 28

1- maintaining precise substrate orientation 2- changiing substrate reactivity 3- exerting physical stress

Question 29

active site

Answer 29

region enzyme that bind substrate and cofactor -complimentary pocket accommodate substrate with high affinity

Question 30

amino acids comprise active site

Answer 30

C/S/D/E/H/K--SHDECK

Question 31

water and enzyme active siute

Answer 31

water is generaslly excluded from active site if no treactant

Question 32

metal and vitamins

Answer 32

use as enzyme and cofactor

Question 33

rest of enzyme rather than active site

Answer 33

1- supopport structure 2- regulatory use 3- site of interaction with other proteins 4- substrate channel

Question 34

eznymes are characterized by

Answer 34

sensivity to temperature and Ph

Question 35

before optimal temp, enzyme activity increase when temperature

Answer 35

increases

Question 36

after optimal temp, increase in temperature will

Answer 36

cause denaturation

Question 37

pH dependence is due to

Answer 37

charged amino acids at active site ph change can disrupt ionic and HB bonds

Question 38

rxn rate is influenced by

Answer 38

concentration of reactant/product/inhibitors

Question 39

1pr 4domain VS 4pr 1domain

Answer 39

1pr 4domain one enzyme can regulate many reactions thisw\ way

Question 40

cells can regulate protein activity by

Answer 40

localization turn them on/off

Question 41

amount of enzyme can be regulated by

Answer 41

syntheis/degradation

Question 42

drug and poisions normally

Answer 42

inhibit specific enzyme

Question 43

competitive inhibition

Answer 43

inhibitor and substrate both bind to active site

Question 44

noncompetetive inhibition

Answer 44

inhibitor bind difeerent than active sit, distort enzyme and inhibit substrate binding to active esite

Question 45

allosteric regulation

Answer 45

bindign an effector molecule at a site rather than enzyme active site -common in multi subunit pr --can be inhibitor or activator

Question 46

enzyme can be inactive/active until

Answer 46

activate/inactivate by covalent modification