1. Increase neutrophils 2. Increase esopniphils 3. Increase basophils 4. Increase monocytes

1. Neutrophilia 2. Eosinophilia 3. Basophilia 4. Monocytosis

1. Decrease neutrophils 2. Decrease eosinophils 3. Decrease basophils 4. Decrease monocytes

1. Neutropenia 2. Eosinopenia 3. Basopenia 4. Monocytopenia

Non-malignant Disorders of Granulocytes & Monocytes Flashcards by Angela Divino

It is the increase of leukocytes specifically neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes.

Leukocytosis

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Which leukocytes is the most common or frequent?

Neutrophils

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Leukocytosis
Increase movement of immature cells out of ________.

the bone marrow’s proliferative compartment

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Leukocytosis
Increase cell mobilization of BM’s maturation storage compartment to _____.

peripheral blood

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Leukocytosis
Increase mature cells movement
from _______ to ______.

from marginating pool to circulating pool

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Leukocytosis
Decrease mature cells movement from _____ to _____.

from circulation to tissues

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Increase neutrophils
Increase esopniphils
Increase basophils
Increase monocytes

Neutrophilia
Eosinophilia
Basophilia
Monocytosis

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Leukocytosis

Type found in leukemia and non-malignant conditions. Most commonly found in bacterial cinfection.

Neutrophilia

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Leukocytosis

Observed in active allergies (asthma, Hay fever), dermatodes, parasitic and non-parasitic infections.

Eosinophilia

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Leukocytosis

Parasitic or Non-parasitic:
index of host reaction

parasitic infetcion

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Leukocytosis

abnormal morphologies,
vacuolization and degranulation, are present

Eosinophilia

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Leukocytosis

Charcot-Leyden crystals are present

Eosinophilia

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Leukocytosis

True or False:
Protozoan infections indicate eosinophilia.

False

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Leukocytosis

Not affected by factors (age, time, physial activities).
But caused by the following:

small pox & chicken pox
ulcerative colitis
hyperlipedemia
polycythemia vera

Basophilia

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Leukocytosis

What is the numeral index for baosphilia?

x > 0.075 x 10⁹/L

or more than 0.075 x 10⁹/L

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Leukocytosis

It is caused by unknown origin fever
and inflammatory bowel disease.

Monocytosis

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Leukocytosis

It is caused by rheumatoid arthritis and hemolytic anemia.

Monocytosis

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Leukocytopenia

What major leukocyte type is found in leukocytopenia?

Segmented neutrophils

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Decrease neutrophils
Decrease eosinophils
Decrease basophils
Decrease monocytes

Neutropenia
Eosinopenia
Basopenia
Monocytopenia

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Leukocytopenia

It is caused by underproduction of cells (BM injury).

Neutropenia

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Leukocytopenia

It is caused by nutritional deficiencies such as starvation and anorexia nervosa.

Neutropenia

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Leukocytopenia

It is associated with increase destruction or utilization of cells.

Neutropenia

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Leukocytopenia

It is caused by spleen entrapment and cyclic neutropenia.

Neutropenia

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Leukocytopenia

Its rare congenital disorders are:

Congenital agranulocytosis of Kostmann type
Myelokathexis
Type IB glycogen storage disorder
Transcobalamin II deficiency

Neutropenia

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**Leukocytopenia** It is the release inability of mature granulocytes into blood.

Myelokathexis

**Leukocytopenia** It is caused by glucocorticosteroid hormone and viral inflammation.

Eosinopenia

**Leukocytopenia** It is caused by corticotropin and progesterone hormones.

Basopenia

Leukocytopenia It is associated with ovulation and thyrotoxicosis.

Basopenia

**Leukocytopenia** There are NO known causes.

Monocytopenia

**Mature Granulocytes' Morphological Abnormalities** Which type shows band and segmented neutrophils with prominent drak [fine/heavy] granulation.

Toxic Granulation

**Mature Granulocytes' Morphological Abnormalities** The azurophilic granules are (+) peroxidase.

Toxic Granulation

**Mature Granulocytes' Morphological Abnormalities** They are present in RNA precipitates due to metabolic toxicity.

Toxic Granulation

**Mature Granulocytes' Morphological Abnormalities** They are seen in singles/multiples with light blue inclusions on Wright stained blood smears.

Dohle Bodies

**Mature Granulocytes' Morphological Abnormalities** They are rough ER aggregates.

Dohle Bodies

**Mature Granulocytes' Morphological Abnormalities** Dohle Bodies: \_\_\_\_\_\_ *(is similar to what morphological abnormality)*

May-Hegglin Anomaly

**Mature Granulocytes' Morphological Abnormalities** It most frequently seen in segmented neutrophils with more than 5 lobes.

Hypersegmentation

**Mature Granulocytes' Morphological Abnormalities** It is associated with vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiencies.

Hypersegmentation

**Mature Granulocytes' Morphological Abnormalities** old segmented neutrophils

pseudohypersegmentation

**Mature Granulocytes' Morphological Abnormalities** Its genetically acquired and autosomal dominant charecteristics produce ***hyposegmentation.***

Pelger-Huet Anomaly

**Mature Granulocytes' Morphological Abnormalities** has dumbbell/pair of eyeglasses nuclues

Pelger-Huet Anomaly

**Mature Granulocytes' Morphological Abnormalities** has heavy chromatin clumping

Pelger-Huet Anomaly

**Mature Granulocytes' Morphological Abnormalities** It has presence of ***Dohle body-like*** inclusions.

May-Hegglin Anomaly

**Mature Granulocytes' Morphological Abnormalities** It has abnormally large and poorly granulated platelets and ***thrombocytopenia**.*

May-Hegglin Anomaly

**Mature Granulocytes' Morphological Abnormalities** has abnormal bleeding tendencies

May-Hegglin Anomaly

**Mature Granulocytes' Morphological Abnormalities** It has gigantic and (+) peroxidase deposits associated with abnormal lysosomal development.

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

**Mature Granulocytes' Morphological Abnormalities** Its neutrophils display imapired chemotaxis and delayed killing of ingested bacteria.

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

**Mature Granulocytes' Morphological Abnormalities** Neutrophils become inefficient as bacteriocidal cells.

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

**Mature Granulocytes' Morphological Abnormalities** The purple-red particles indicate mucopolysaccharides precipitation.

Alder-Reilly Inclusions

**Mature Granulocytes' Morphological Abnormalities** It resembles very coarse toxic granulation. It can seen in genetic mocupolysaccharides: * Hurler Syndrome * Hunter Syndrome * Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome

Alder-Reilly Inclusions

**Mature Granulocytes' Morphological Abnormalities** They are small and Gr (-) bacteria that invade leukocyes.

Ehrlichia

**Mature Granulocytes' Morphological Abnormalities** Give the species associated with *Ehrlichia*.

* *Ehrlichia chaffeensis* * *Ehrlichia ewingii* * bacterium identical to *E. phagocytophila*

**Mature Granulocytes' Morphological Abnormalities** caused by *E. chaffeensis* and transmitted by *Amblyomma americanum* (lone star tick)

Human ehrlichiosis

**Mature Granulocytes' Morphological Abnormalities** It is the 2nd recognized ehrlichial infection. It is transmitted by: * *Ixodes scapularis* (black-legged tick) * *Ixodes pacificus* (wastern black-legged tick)

Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis

**Mature Granulocytes' Morphological Abnormalities** In Ehrlichia, leukocytes divide to form \_\_\_\_\_.

morulae

**Mature Granulocytes' Morphological Abnormalities** vacuole-bound colonies

morulae

**Mature Granulocytes' Morphological Abnormalities** Histoplasma capsulatum, an intracellular fungi, is observed.

abnormalities of mature granulocytes in body fluids

Qualitative disorders include what defects?

* defects in locomotion and chemotaxis * defects in microbicidal activity

**Qualitative Disorders** locomotion & chemotaxis defect or microbicidal acitvity: Lazy Leukocyte Syndrome

locomotion & chemotaxis defect

**Qualitative Disorders** ``` locomotion & chemotaxis defect or microbicidal acitvity: Increase IgE (Job Syndrome) ```

locomotion & chemotaxis defect

**Qualitative Disorders** locomotion & chemotaxis defect or microbicidal acitvity: neutrophils and monocytes possess oxidase systems of killing ingested microorganisms in phagocytosis

microbicidal acitvity defect

**Qualitative Disorders** rare and most serious disorder related to a defect in microbicidal activity

Chronic Granulomatous Disease

**Qualitative Disorders** group of genetic disorders in which neutrophils and monocyes ingest but *cannot kill* catalase (+) microorganisms

Chronic Granulomatous Disease

**Qualitative Disorders** How can abnormal oxidase activity be detected?

Negative Nitroblue Tetrazolium screening test

**Qualitative Disorders** "Alias-Grignaschi anomaly"

Myeloperoxidase Deficiency

**Qualitative Disorders** absence of MPO enzyme

Myeloperoxidase Deficiency

**Qualitative Disorders** enzyme that mediates oxidative destruction of microbes

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme

**Qualitative Disorders** True or False: Lack of MPO leads to microbicidal defect in phagocytes

True

**Qualitative Disorders** Specific granules are reduced in quantity and almost devoid of lactoferrin.

Lactoferrin Deficiency

**Qualitative Disorders** Deficiency that leads to pyogenic infections

Lactoferrin Deficiency

**Qualitative Disorders** It is associated with unresponsiveness to chemotactic signals and exhibits diminished adhesiveness.

Lactoferrin Deficiency

**Monocyte-Macrophage Disorders** A disease where beta-glucocerebrosidase is deficient.

Gaucher Disease

**Monocyte-Macrophage Disorders** It is an ezyme that splits glucose from glucosylceramide.

beta-glucocerebrosidase

**Monocyte-Macrophage Disorders** cerebroside accumulates in histiocytes

Gaucher Disease or beta-glucocerebrosidase deficiency

**Monocyte-Macrophage Disorders** wrinkled cytoplasm cell found in: * BM * spleen * other reticuloendothelial organs

Gaucher cells

**Monocyte-Macrophage Disorders** The enzyme that cleaves phosphoryl choline from its parent sphingolipid and sphingomyelin is deficient.

Niemann-Pick Disease

**Monocyte-Macrophage Disorders** True or False: Sphingolipid accumulates in tissues

False ## Footnote \*It is the *sphingomyelin* that accumulates in tissues.

**Monocyte-Macrophage Disorders** It is a cell that has a foamy cytoplasm.

Pick cell