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Hematology I & II > Leukemias, Lymphomas, Myelomas > Flashcards

Leukemias, Lymphomas, Myelomas Flashcards

1
Q

Leukemias, lymphomas, and myelomas are?

A

neoplastic proliferative diseases

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2
Q

neoplastic proliferative disease is also known as?

A

neoplasms

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3
Q

disease of leukocyte

A

Leukemia

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4
Q

uncontrolled proliferation & accumulation of one or more hematopoietic cells (WBCs) in blood and BM

A

Leukemia

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5
Q

overproduction of various types of immature or mature leukocytes in blood and BM

A

Leukemia

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6
Q

usually involves leukocytes (myelogenous/lymphocytic)

A

Leukemia

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7
Q

malignant cells freely trespass blood-brain barrier (BBB)

A

Leukemia

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8
Q

solid malignant tumors of the lymph nodes

A

Lymphomas

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9
Q

malignancy starts in the lymph system

A

Lymphoma

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10
Q

Hodgkin Lymphoma

A

Reed Stenberg cells

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11
Q

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

A

Burkitt lymphoma

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12
Q

More prevalent type of lymphoma

A

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

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13
Q

malignant cells are confined to organs containing mononuclear phagocyte cells

A

Lymphoma

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14
Q

Give 4 organs with mononuclear phagocyte cells

A

• lymph nodes • spleen • liver • BM

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15
Q

plasma cell’s cancer

A

Myeloma

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16
Q

↑ Bence Jones Protein (BSP) ↑ IgG

A

Myeloma

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17
Q

• overproduction of plasma cells • production of abnormal proteins

A

Myeloma

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18
Q

In myelomas, ______ form a mass/tumor that is located in the BM

A

plasma cells

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19
Q

What are the 2 forms of leukemia?

A
  • acute
  • chronic
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20
Q

_______ affect other cell lineages beacuse the hematopoietic space in the BM is filled with blasts

A

overproliferation of WBCs

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21
Q

Overproliferation of WBCs may cause?
*There are 3.

A
  • anemia
  • thrombocytopenia
  • hemorrhagic tendencies
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22
Q

Type of Leukemia

  • short duration
  • bone pain
A

Acute leukemia

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23
Q

Type of Leukemia

  • immature cell (blasts) form in the BM /peripheral blood
  • ↑ total leukocyte count (leukocytosis)
A

Acute leukemia

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24
Q

Type of Leukemia

  • bone pain from a large leukemic cell mass
  • prognosis if untreated: several weeks to several months
A

Acute leukemia

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25
Q

Type of Leukemia

  • long duration
  • ↑ to ↓ than normal
A

Chronic leukemia

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26
Q

Type of Leukemia

  • mature cell forms in the BM/peripheral blood
  • prognosis if untreated: months to many years
A

Chronic leukemia

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27
Q

Classification of leukemia is in accordance to:
*There are three.

A
  • predominant blood cell
  • morphological & cytochemical result
  • FAB clinical criteria
    • enhanced with molecular information (WHO)
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28
Q

Leukemia Classification

  • myelogenous
  • monocytic
  • lymphocytic
A

French-American-British classification

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29
Q

Leukemia Classification

added immunophenotyping & genetic studies
(for differentiation)

A

World Health Organization classification

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30
Q

1st type of curative intervention in the 1920s

A

radiation therapy

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31
Q

2 components of chemotherapy

A
  • adrenoglucocorticosteroids
  • antifolate agents
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32
Q

1st effective drug therapy in the 1940s

A

adrenoglucocorticosteroids

33
Q

important for DNA maturation

A

antifolate agents

34
Q

True or False

modern drugs are more toxic to patients

A

False

*less toxic

35
Q
  • targets at the molecular level
  • drug is designed for a particular patient
A

Precision medicine

36
Q

immediate cause of leukemia

A

genetic mutation

37
Q

Malignant proliferation is related to genes but begins when a _______ such as chemical or ionizing radiation damaged the DNA of a critical gene

A

carcinogenic agent

38
Q

What are the 7 predisposing factors of leukemia?

A
  1. genetic & immunological factors
  2. occupational exposure
  3. environmental exposure
  4. chemical & drug exposure
  5. genetic abnormalities & association
  6. viral agents
  7. secondary causes
39
Q

part of one chromosome breaks off and becomes attached to a different chromosome

A

translocation

40
Q

most common type of DNA change leading to leukemia

A

translocation

41
Q

most common CML translocation

A

t(9;22)

42
Q

t(9;22) is also known as

A

Philadelphia chromosome

43
Q

swapping of DNA between chromosome 9 & 22

A

Philadelphia chromosome or t(9;22)

44
Q

In Philadelphia chromosome/t(9;22), it involves what oncogene?

A

BCR-ABL gene

45
Q

part of the chromosome gets turned around

A

inversions

46
Q

part of the chromosome is lost

A

deletions

47
Q
  • regulates proliferation of cell growth in normal cells
  • begins aprogram of deregulated growth
  • “antioncogene”
A

Tumor suppressor gene

48
Q

loss of a gene where cell can no longer read its instructions in protein translation

A

inversions

49
Q

extra chromosome is gained

A

addition

50
Q
  • altered version of normal genes
  • cancer-predisposing genes
A

oncogenes

51
Q

produced through mutation in a target cell

A

oncogene

52
Q

oncogene antecedents

A

protooncogenes

53
Q

normal cell growth’s central regulators

A

protooncogenes

54
Q

Give the disorder

Abl oncogene

A

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

55
Q

Give the disorder

Myc oncogene

A

Burkitt lymphoma

56
Q

Give the disorder

Ras type oncogene

A

variety of tumors

57
Q

Diffusible factors released by normal cells to inhibit proliferation of abnormal cells.

A
  • B-interferon
  • Tumor growth factor
  • Tumor necrosis factor
58
Q

early clones of neoplastic cells are eliminated by the immune response

A

immunologic surveillance

59
Q

Trisomy 21

A

Down Syndrome

60
Q

contributes to the malignant transformation of hematopoietic cells

A

Trisomy 21

61
Q

What is ALL?

A

Acute lymphocytic leukemia

62
Q

What is AMKL?

A

Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia

63
Q

What is TMD?

A

Transient Myeloproliferative Disorder

64
Q

immature megakaryoblasts in the fetal liver & peripheral blood (preleukemic)

A

Transient Myeloproliferative Disorder

65
Q
  • ionizing radiation
  • radiation induces leukemia
A

occupational exposure

66
Q
  • exposure to low levels of radiation
  • radiation therapy, x-rays, CT scans
A

environmental exposure

67
Q

What chemical/drug increases probability of various forms of cancer?

A

benzene

68
Q

strongly linked to increased risk of AML

A

chemical exposure

69
Q
  • infectious mononucleosis
    • B lymphocytes proliferation
  • under herpes family
A

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

70
Q
  • can develop into ALL L3
  • type of Non-Hodgkin’s lumphoma
A

Burkitt Lymphoma

71
Q

1st RNA (retrovirus) tumor to occur in human

A

Human T-cell Lymphoma or
Leukemia Virus-1 (HTLV-1)

72
Q

What enzyme ss RNA uses to convert viral RNA into DNA?

A

reverse transcriptase enzyme

73
Q
  • targets T-helper cells (CD4) to decrease CD4 count and cause immunodeficiency
  • etiologic agents in AIDS
A

HIV

74
Q

cervical carcinoma & genical warts

A

papillomavirus

75
Q

most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of death in children

A

leukemia

76
Q

Leukemia

infants < 18 months

A

myelogenous leukemia

77
Q

Leukemia

children (0-14)

A

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

78
Q

Leukemia

adults > 60 years

A

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

79
Q

Leukemia

geriatic > 67 years old

A

myeloma

Hematology I & II (9 decks)

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