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Hematology I & II > Hematology I Lab Comprehensive > Flashcards

Hematology I Lab Comprehensive Flashcards

1
Q

What is the test to determine the percentage of each type of WBC in the peripheral blood?

A

Differential White Blood Cell Count

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2
Q

Differential WBC Count

What is the order of staining for Staining Jar method?
*Staining Jar method a.k.a Dip method

A
  1. fixative
  2. acidic dye
  3. basic dye
  4. aged distilled water
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3
Q

Differential WBC Count

Determine the following dyes/solutions:

  1. Fixative: _________
  2. Acidic dye: _______
  3. Basic dye: ________
  4. Buffer sol’n: _______
A
  1. Fixative: methanol
  2. Acidic dye: eosin
  3. Basic dye: methylene blue
  4. Buffer sol’n: aged distilled water
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4
Q

Differential WBC Count

Determine the method:

A

Two-field

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5
Q

Differential WBC Count

Determine the method:

A

Exaggerated Battlement

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6
Q

Differential WBC Count

Determine the method:

A

Four-field Meander

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7
Q

Differential WBC Count

Determine the method:

A

Strip Differential

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8
Q

Differential WBC Count

Determine the staining method:
blood smear on a rack positioned on a dish

A

Staining Dish Method

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9
Q

Differential WBC Count

Determine the type of stain:
methylene blue or its oxidative product (azure B)

A

Romanowsky stains

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10
Q

Differential WBC Count

Determine the type of stain:
dyes produce multiple colors; polychromatic

A

Romanowsky stains

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11
Q

Differential WBC Count

Determine the type of stain:
A Romanowsky stain which is the most satisfactory in hema studies

A

Wright’s stain

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12
Q

Differential WBC Count

Determine the type of stain:
A Romanowsky stain emphasizing on inclusion bodies and intracellular parasites

A

Giemsa stain

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13
Q

Differential WBC Count

Determine the type of stain:
A Romanowsky stain that oxidize methylene blue

A

Leishman, Jenner & May-Grunwald

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14
Q

Differential WBC Count

Determine the type of stain:
Romanowsky stain + another dye

A

Panoptic stains

  1. Wright’s-Giemsa
  2. Jenner-Giemsa
  3. May-Grunwald-Giemsa
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15
Q

counts cellular elements of the blood (RBC, WBC, platelets)

A

Hemacytometer

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16
Q

Hemacytometer

Determine the counting chamber:

  • heavy colorless glass
  • 3 parallel platforms separated by moats
A

Improved Neubauer Counting Chamber

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17
Q

Hemacytometer

True or False:
Only 1 of the central platform’s halves has improved Neubauer ruling

A

False

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18
Q

Hemacytometer

Give the following measurements:

  1. primary square:
  2. secondary square:
A
  1. primary square: 3x3 mm
  2. secondary square: 1x1 mm
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19
Q

Hemacytometer

WBC count is done where?

A

4 corner secondary squares

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20
Q

Hemacytometer

RBCs are counted on?

A

5 tertiary squares (central secondary square)

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21
Q

Hemacytometer

It is similar to Improved Neubauer except central secondary platform is divided into 16 tertiary squares

A

Neubauer Counting Chamber

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22
Q

Hemacytometer

used for low cell counting:

  • eosinophil count
  • spinal fluid count
  • leukopenic blood count
A

Fuchs-Rosenthal Counting Chamber

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23
Q

Hemacytometer

larger than Neubauer counting chamber
rules area: 4x4 mm

A

Fuchs-Rosenthal Counting Chamber

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24
Q

Hemacytometer

consists of 4 sections
(2 on each side of the chamber)

A

Speirs-Levy Counting Chamber

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25
Q

Hemacytometer

each ruled area consists of 10 squares
*total area: 10 mm2

A

Speirs-Levy Counting Chamber

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26
Q

Hemacytometer

squares are arranged in 2 horizontal rows of 5 squares

A

Speirs-Levy Counting Chamber

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27
Q

calibrated pipetted with a red bead inside the mixing chamber

A

RBC pipette

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28
Q

stem: 0.0 - 1.0

A

RBC pipette

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29
Q

stem: 0.0 - 1.0 & 10 times volume

A

WBC pipette

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30
Q

bulb: 1.0 - 11

A

WBC pipette

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31
Q

bulb: 0.1 - 101

A

RBC pipette

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32
Q

5-6 drops are needed before charging

A

RBC pipette

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33
Q

2-3 drops are needed before charging

A

WBC pipette

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34
Q

Test that counts the number of red cells in 1 mm3 of blood

A

Red Blood Cell Count

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35
Q

blood is diluted with an isotonic solution to preserve the blood corpuscles

A

Red Blood Cell Count

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36
Q

True or False:

RBC diluting fluid initiates growth of molds

A

False

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37
Q

True or False:

In RBC counting, dilutng fluid is drew until the 101 mark

A

True

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38
Q

What is the dilution number for RBC count?

A

1/200 or 1:200 dilution

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39
Q

angle of pipette while charging

A

30° - 35°

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40
Q

RBC Count

objective for counting

A

HPO

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41
Q

RBC Count

cell difference between cells

A

x ≤ 20

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42
Q

True or False:

All counts must be done thrice.

A

False

*Counts must be done in duplicate

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43
Q

RBC Count

What is the best diluting fluid?

A

Dacie’s Fluid or formol citrate

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44
Q

RBC Count

  • can be stored for long periods of time
  • formalin = preservative
A

Dacie’s fluid or formol citrate

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45
Q

RBC Count

  • cell shape is not altered
A

Dacie’s fluid or formol citrate

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46
Q

RBC Count

  • not recommended
  • allows yeast growth
A

Hayem’s fluid

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47
Q

RBC Count

  • produces cell clumping
  • no corrosive effect
A

Hayem’s fluid

48
Q

RBC Count

  • prevents rouleaux formation
A

Gower’s

49
Q

RBC Count

  • precipitates protein (hemoglobinemia & hyperglobulinemia)
A

Gower’s

50
Q

RBC Count

  • high specific gravity
  • stains WBCs
  • supports fungi growth
A

Toisson’s

51
Q

RBC Count

  • used in emergency cases
  • for excessive rouleaux formation
  • autoagglutinated cells
A

NSS or physiologic saline sol’n

52
Q

True or False:

Bethell’s & 3.8% sodium citrate are WBC diluting fluids

A

False

53
Q

disease when hematocrit is elevated

A

polycythemia

54
Q

deficiency in total number of RBCs present

A

oligocythemia

55
Q

True or False

Oligocythemia causes:

  • anemia
  • leukemia
  • bleeding
A

True

56
Q

Test where number of WBC in 1 mm3 of blood is determined

A

WBC count

57
Q

blood is diluted with a hypotonic sol’n producing complete hemolysis of RBC without injury to WBCs

A

WBC count

58
Q

WBC count

diluting fluid is drew up to the ___

A

11 mark

59
Q

WBC count

What is the dilution number?

A

1/20 or 1:20 dilution

60
Q

RBC & WBC count

Which borders are included in the count?
*There are two

A

top & left borders

61
Q

WBC count

cell difference between the squares

A

x ≤ 12

62
Q

WBC count

All are WBC diluting fluids except:

A. 1% - 3% acetic acid with Gentian violet

B. 1.1% sodium oxalate

C. 1% hydrocloric acid

D. Tuerk’s

A

B. 1.1% sodium oxalate

63
Q

A disease where leukocytes are deficient and places individuals at increased infection risk

A

leukopenia

64
Q

A disease where leukocytes are elevated and causes infection, arthritis, leukemia, spleen removal, and physical stress

A

leukocytosis

65
Q

A reaction where WBC count is increased and mimics leukemia due to an infection but is not a sign of cancer and eventually returns to normal.

A

Leukemoid reaction

66
Q

It is measured as oxyhemoglobin. Then indirectly converted it to compunds like:

  • acid hematin
  • cyanmethemoglobin
  • alkali hematin
  • carboxyhemoglobin
A

Hemoglobin

67
Q

determines [oxygen] & [iron] carried by Hb molecule and blood’s specific gravity

A

hemoglobin

68
Q

Hemoglobin

Determine the method:
Hb is converted into acid hematin and its yellowish brown sol’n is compared to the comparator block’s color std.

A

Acid hematin method

69
Q

Hemoglobin

  • best method
  • all forms of Hb are converted to cyanmetHb (except sulfHb)
  • very stable std.
A

Cyanmethemoglobin or Hemoglobin cyanide method

70
Q

Hemoglobin

rgt. used for cyanmethemoglobin method

A

Drabkin’s reagent

71
Q

Hemoglobin

Enumerate Drabkin’s rgt composition

A
  • sodium bicarbonate
  • potassium cyanide
  • potassium ferricyanide
72
Q

Hemoglobin

absorbance is read at?

A

540 nm against blank

73
Q

Hemoglobin

Colorimetric methods:

  • based on color comparison
  • simple chart with diff red hues
  • percentage error: 20-50%
A

Tallquist scale

74
Q

Hemoglobin

Colorimetric methods:

  • glass plate & eyepiece
  • percentage error: 20-30%
A

Dare hemoglobinometer

75
Q

Hemoglobin

Colorimetric methods:

  • alkaline sol’n produces a true & stable hematin sol’n
A

Alkaline hematin

76
Q

Hemoglobin

True or False:
Newborn’s & young infant’s blood contain alkali-resistant HbF

A

True

77
Q

Hemoglobin

Indirect methods:

  • measures oxyhemoglobin
  • photoelectric Hb determination
  • no possibility of preparing a stable HbO2 std.
A

Oxyhemoglobin (sodium carbonate)

78
Q

Hemoglobin

Indirect methods:

  • pulse O2 saturation & pulse rate can be measured through the finger
A

Photoelectric oxyHb

79
Q

Hemoglobin

Indirect methods:

  • carbon monoxide poisoning
  • not routinely done
A

carboxyhemoglobin

80
Q

Hemoglobin

Gasometric methods:

  • measures O2 amount using a Van Slyke manometric apparatus
A

Van Slyke Oxygen capacity

81
Q

Hemoglobin

  • potential blood donor screening
  • employs copper sulfate with known specific gravity
A

Specific gravity methods

82
Q

Hemoglobin

  • measure amt. of iron in blood
  • Kennedy’s & Wong’s
A

chemical methods

83
Q

Hemoglobin

  • variant detection or abnormal Hb screening
  • cellulose acetate @ alkaline pH 8.2-8.6
A

Hemoglobin electrophoresis

84
Q

Hematocrit Determination

packed red blood cells (PRBCs) volume after centrifugation

A

hematocrit

85
Q
  • simple, most accurate, valuable in hema investigations
  • more useful than RBC count in anemia
A

Hematocrit Determination

86
Q

Hematocrit Determination

most used method

A

Adam’s microhematocrit method

87
Q

Hematocrit Determination

red capillary tube:
blue capillary tube:

A

red capillary tube: heparinized
blue capillary tube: non-heparinized

88
Q

Hematocrit Determination

  • Wintrobe tube is used (ESR: 0-10 & Hct: 10-0)
  • anticoagulant of choice: double oxalate
A

Wintrobe Method

89
Q

Hematocrit Determination

  • anticoagulant: 1.1% sodium oxalate in d. H2O
A

Haden’s modification

90
Q

Hematocrit Determination

Determine the method with the ff anticoagulants:

  • 1.6% sodium oxalate in d. H2O
  • 1.3% sodium oxalate
  • heparin
A
  • 1.6% sodium oxalate: Van Allen Method
  • 1.3% sodium oxalate: Sanford-Magath
  • heparin: Bray’s
91
Q

Hematocrit Determination

This method uses a 5 inches long tube with a funnel-like mouth.

A

Sanford-Magath

92
Q

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

  • speed of RBCs settling in anticoagulated blood
  • measures distance & fall speed of RBCs in plasma
A

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

93
Q

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

important factor: _____

A

plasma proteins action

94
Q

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

Enumerate the ESR stages and indicate the time.

A
  1. Rouleaux formation or Initial period of aggregation (10 mins)
  2. Period of fast settling (40 mins)
  3. Final period of packing (10 mins)
95
Q

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

True or False:
used as an index for presence of an active infection

A

True

96
Q

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

True or False:
measures RBCs’ suspension stability

A

True

97
Q

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

True or False:
indicates normal concentration of fibrinogen, globulin, and other plasma proteins

A

False
*abnormal

98
Q

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

  • most sensitive for ESR determination
  • serial study of chronic disease (TB & carcinoma)
A

Westergren method

99
Q

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

  • accurate method
  • uses Wintrobe tube
A

Wintrobe-Landsberg Method

100
Q

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

  • tube’s bottom: open
  • calibration: 0-200 mm
  • anticoagulant of choice: 3.8% trisodium citrate
A

Westergren

101
Q

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

  • tube’s bottom: flat & closed
  • calibration: 0-100 mm
  • anticoagulant of choice: Hellen & Paul’s double oxalate
A

Wintrobe

102
Q

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

  • anticoagulant of choice: 3% sodium citrate
  • Cutler tube
A

Graphic or Cutler method

103
Q

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

  • anticoagulant of choice: 3% sodium citrate
  • Linzenmeier tube
A

Lizenmeier Method

104
Q

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

  • anticoagulant of choice: 1.3% sodium citrate
  • Bray’s tube (flat-bottomed, Hct & LE cell prep)
A

Bray’s Method

105
Q

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

  • Linzenmeier-Raunert modification
  • anticoagulant of choice: 5% sodium citrate
  • Micro-Landau tube
A

Micro Landau

106
Q

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

  • for infants & children when venipuncture may not be practica
A

Smith Micro

107
Q
  • young RBCs which are formed when the nucleus of the late normoblasts are lost through extrusion
  • cytoplasmic RNA is retained
A

Reticulocyte

108
Q

reticulum:
small network of basophilic materials; supravital stain

A

Reticulocyte

109
Q
  • more mature
  • greater cell’s ribosomal content
A

Reticulocyte

110
Q

index of BM activity & RBC production

A

Reticulocyte count

111
Q

monitor therapeutic measures of anemia

A

Reticulocyte count

112
Q
  • most used method
  • count is in 10 successive fields (1000 mature RBCs in total)
  • includes
  1. New MB
  2. Cook
  3. Meyer
  4. Tureen
  5. Seiverd’s
A

Dry Method

113
Q

Reticulocyte Count

Determine the stain color of the cells:

  • mature RBCs: ______
  • reticulocytes: ______
A
  • mature RBCS: gray-blue stained
  • reticulocytes: deep blue filamentous web or granules
114
Q

Reticulocyte Count

Determine the method:

  • rapid method of Schilling, Osgood-Wilhelm, and Sabin
A

Wet Methods

115
Q

Reticulocyte Count

Determine the method:

  • Miller disc is used as an optical aid placed in the eyepiece
  • allows more acurate count
A

Miller Disc method

116
Q

Reticulocyte Count

uses cytometry flow for the determination of % reticulocyte
as well as the absolute reticulocyte count

A

Sysmex R-1000

117
Q

Reticulocyte Count

Stain for retic count:

*There are two.

A
  1. New MB
  2. Brilliant Cresyl Blue

Hematology I & II (9 decks)

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