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Geo Case Studies > Nigeria > Flashcards

Nigeria Flashcards

1
Q

where is Nigeria

general, borders, latitude

A
  • on the coast of West Africa
  • it borders Cameroon (E), Niger (N), Chad (NE) and Benin (W)
  • stretches from 4°N (Gulf of Guinea) to 14°N (Sahel)
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2
Q

Nigeria’s importance regionally

A

highest GDP in Africa (2020)
19 million cattle​
70% of population (+182M) employed in agriculture

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3
Q

Nigeria’s importance globally

A

2.2% world’s oil - 15th largest producer

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4
Q

Nigeria’s political context

4

independence, corruption, terrorism, investment

A
  • became independent from British rule in 1960
  • Political instability and corruption led to a civil war 1967-1970 and several coup d’etats. Since 1999 Nigeria has had a stable government
  • Boko Haram want to abolish democracy and set up their own government under Sharia Law - they have caused conflict which has killed at least 17k
  • Countries are now starting to invest in Nigeria!
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5
Q

Nigeria’s social context

4

ethnicity, religion, war, terrorism

A
  • Multiethnic - (e.g. Yoruba, Igbo
  • Multifaith - Christianity, Islam, trad. African relgions
  • Igbo dominated south tried to split from Nigeria, causing a civil war (1967)
  • economic inequality btwn N & S -> Boko Haram (Islamic extremist group)
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6
Q

Nigeria’s cultural context

A

Nollywood - 2nd largest film industry, ahead of US, behind India

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7
Q

biomes of Nigeria

A

Northern Nigeria - semi-desert + savanna
Jos Plateau - upland region - wetter + cooler than surrounding savanna
Southern Nigeria - rainforest

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8
Q

Nigeria’s environmental context

2

A
  • lost 14% TRF (2005-2020) - population growth, agricultural expansion of cocoa cultivation, logging, mining
  • oil ind. responsible for considerable env. degradation in Niger Delta as a result of forest fires & oil spills
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9
Q

what was Nigeria’s main source of income traditionally

5

A

primary products:
* Cocoa
* Timber
* Palm oil
* Groundnuts
* Cotton

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10
Q

what changed Nigeria’s industrial structure

2

A
  • discovery of oil in Niger Delta (1950s)
  • 10th highest level of oil reserves
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10
Q

how important is oil to Nigeria

A

accounts for 9% of country’s GDP
90% of export earnings

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11
Q

1991 - 2020

Changes to Nigeria’s industrial structure

in terms of % GDP

agriculture, ind., services

A

1991:
* Agriculture - 55%
* Industry - 10%
* Services - 35%

2020:
* Agriculture - 20%
* Industry - 30%
* Services - 50%

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12
Q

How is the manufacturing sector stimulating economic development

5

A
  • less need to import
  • secure income
  • can purchase cars and clothes
  • revenue from taxes increase
  • attracts foreign investment
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13
Q

how is technology developing Nigerias economy

3

A
  • investment in science and technology
  • increased use of telecommunications
  • more people buying phones
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14
Q

(Royal Dutch) Shell (TNC) in Nigeria

2

start, swamp

A
  • began oil extraction in Niger Delta in 1958
  • the swampy river delta is one of the most difficult places to extract oil but as a TNC, Shell has been able to invest money and expertise into extracting oil here
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15
Q

positives of Shell in Nigeria

3

contracts, employment, education

A
  • giving 91% of Shell contracts to Nigerian companies
  • provides direct employment for 2.7k ppl and 9k contractors, 97% are Nigerian
  • provides 3k scholarships to secondary scls and universities in Nigeria
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16
Q

Negatives of Shell in Nigeria

oil pollution

A

oil spills from pipelines + oil refineries cause water pollution and contaminate soils, reducing agricultural prod. and fishing yields in the Niger Delta

17
Q

Bodo Oil Spills (2008/2009)

3

A
  • 55yr old Shell pipeline ruptured twice
  • 600k barrels of oil into surrounding creeks of Niger Delta
  • 11M gallons of crude oil spilt over 2km area
18
Q

effects of Bodo Oil Spills

3

A
  • periwinkle snails now 5x smaller than before oil spill - bait for fish
  • 80% of fishermen lost source of income from fishing
  • destroyed 1000ha of mangroves and all marine life there
19
Q

what did Shell do after Bodo Oil Spills

5

A
  • blamed it on theft of crude oil, sabotage, illegal refining
  • After 8 months, Shell recognised food shortage crisis and they brought food relief
  • It was rejected by locals cuz it was inadequate and insulting.
  • after 7yrs of protests and hard fought court battles, Shell eventually agreed to pay $83.2M.
  • This was split up amongst community. Most families got 600k naira ($3k)
20
Q

what does the nnpc do

3

A
  • Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation
  • forms joint ventures with TNCs like Shell
  • ensures oil profits stay in Nigeria
21
Q

How have Nigeria’s political links changed

3

A
  • until 1960, part of British Empire
  • now Member of British commonwealth
  • Leading member of African political and economic groups and international organisations (African Union, ECOWAS, CEN-SAD, WTO, OPEC, UN)
22
Q

what is the African Union

2

A
  • a organization which hopes to unify the African continent similar to the European Union
  • includes countries bordering Nigeria (Niger, Chad, Benin, Cameroon) to provide troops
23
Q

What is ECOWAS?

A

Economic Community of West African States - a trading group - boosts economies

24
Q

What is CEN-SAD?

A

community of Sahel-Saharan states - a trading group which also develops sporting links

25
Q

What is OPEC and what does it do?

2

A
  • ‘Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries’ - deals with petroleum
  • Stabilizes the price of oil for the exporting countries
26
Q

what is the United nations

2

A
  • an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security
  • In 2013, Nigeria contributed the 5th largest number of troops to UN peacekeeping force
27
Q

Nigeria’s global trading relationships

2019: (imports, exports), oil

A

2019:
highest imports - China (26%)
highest exports - EU (38%)

until 2013, USA was Nigeria’s biggest customer for its ‘sweet oil’ (<42% sulphur). But USA got shale oil so India now biggest customer.

28
Q

what international aid has Nigeria received

3

% aid to African countries, GNI, NGOs

A
  • receives ~6% aid given to African countries
  • aid accounts for 0.8% GNI - US$1550M (2019) - most came from individual countries like UK & USA, and some from international organisations like the World Bank.
  • Charities & NGOs have also supported projects in Nigeria
29
Q

How is China aiding Nigeria

3

railway, drilling, business

A
  • infrastructure -$12B contract to build a railway along Nigeria’s coast
  • funding for oil excavation -$10B in oilfield drilling (2014)
  • 920 companies in Nigeria
30
Q

Benefits of aid to Nigeria

2

HIV/AIDS, malaria

A
  • Aid from USA helps educate people about protection and spread of HIV/AIDS
  • Nets for life (NGO) provides education on malaria prevention and distributes anti-mosquito nets
31
Q

How has an NGO helped Nigeria

A

Christian Aid:
* 2017 - 2019, 360k children under 5, received life-saving treatment.

32
Q

Environmental impacts of economic growth

5

A
  • Industrial growth
  • Urban growth
  • Commercial farming & deforestation
  • Mining
  • Oil extraction
33
Q

Environmental impacts of Industrial growth

2

ind. plants, forests

A
  • ~5k registered ind. plants & 10k illegal small-scale industries.
  • 96% of Nigeria’s forests destroyed
34
Q

Environmental impacts of Urban growth

garbage

A
  • 40ha Olusosun landfill site in Lagos, largest in Africa, one of the largest in the world
  • 10k tonnes of rubbish/day and 2.1M tonnes/yr
35
Q

Environmental impacts of Commercial farming & deforestation

A

habitat destruction - including cheetahs, giraffes, and nearly 500 types of plant

36
Q

Environmental impacts of Mining

A

tin mining - soil erosion

37
Q

Environmental impacts of Oil extraction

ogale oil spills

A

2013-2016, 40 separate oil spills, mostly from Shell pipelines in Ogoniland in the Niger Delta:
* Oil contamination in groundwater is up to 1000 times higher than allowed by Nigerian law - dangerous & unfit for human consumption

38
Q

1990-2019

benefits of economic development on QoL

3

life expectancy, safe water, education

A

1990 - 2019:
* life expectancy rose by ~8.8yrs
* ppl w/access to safe water 46% to 85%
* secondary school enrolment 25% to 49%

39
Q

has economic development not really effected QoL?

4

A
  • 40% country still living below ‘poverty line’ - less than US$400/yr
  • 57% girls go to primary school and <¼ go to secondary school
  • HDI - 0.539
  • 33% youths unemployed

Geo Case Studies (25 decks)

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