Nigeria Flashcards
where is Nigeria
general, borders, latitude
- on the coast of West Africa
- it borders Cameroon (E), Niger (N), Chad (NE) and Benin (W)
- stretches from 4°N (Gulf of Guinea) to 14°N (Sahel)
Nigeria’s importance regionally
highest GDP in Africa (2020)
19 million cattle
70% of population (+182M) employed in agriculture
Nigeria’s importance globally
2.2% world’s oil - 15th largest producer
Nigeria’s political context
4
independence, corruption, terrorism, investment
- became independent from British rule in 1960
- Political instability and corruption led to a civil war 1967-1970 and several coup d’etats. Since 1999 Nigeria has had a stable government
- Boko Haram want to abolish democracy and set up their own government under Sharia Law - they have caused conflict which has killed at least 17k
- Countries are now starting to invest in Nigeria!
Nigeria’s social context
4
ethnicity, religion, war, terrorism
- Multiethnic - (e.g. Yoruba, Igbo
- Multifaith - Christianity, Islam, trad. African relgions
- Igbo dominated south tried to split from Nigeria, causing a civil war (1967)
- economic inequality btwn N & S -> Boko Haram (Islamic extremist group)
Nigeria’s cultural context
Nollywood - 2nd largest film industry, ahead of US, behind India
biomes of Nigeria
Northern Nigeria - semi-desert + savanna
Jos Plateau - upland region - wetter + cooler than surrounding savanna
Southern Nigeria - rainforest
Nigeria’s environmental context
2
- lost 14% TRF (2005-2020) - population growth, agricultural expansion of cocoa cultivation, logging, mining
- oil ind. responsible for considerable env. degradation in Niger Delta as a result of forest fires & oil spills
what was Nigeria’s main source of income traditionally
5
primary products:
* Cocoa
* Timber
* Palm oil
* Groundnuts
* Cotton
what changed Nigeria’s industrial structure
2
- discovery of oil in Niger Delta (1950s)
- 10th highest level of oil reserves
how important is oil to Nigeria
accounts for 9% of country’s GDP
90% of export earnings
1991 - 2020
Changes to Nigeria’s industrial structure
in terms of % GDP
agriculture, ind., services
1991:
* Agriculture - 55%
* Industry - 10%
* Services - 35%
2020:
* Agriculture - 20%
* Industry - 30%
* Services - 50%
How is the manufacturing sector stimulating economic development
5
- less need to import
- secure income
- can purchase cars and clothes
- revenue from taxes increase
- attracts foreign investment
how is technology developing Nigerias economy
3
- investment in science and technology
- increased use of telecommunications
- more people buying phones
(Royal Dutch) Shell (TNC) in Nigeria
2
start, swamp
- began oil extraction in Niger Delta in 1958
- the swampy river delta is one of the most difficult places to extract oil but as a TNC, Shell has been able to invest money and expertise into extracting oil here
positives of Shell in Nigeria
3
contracts, employment, education
- giving 91% of Shell contracts to Nigerian companies
- provides direct employment for 2.7k ppl and 9k contractors, 97% are Nigerian
- provides 3k scholarships to secondary scls and universities in Nigeria
Negatives of Shell in Nigeria
oil pollution
oil spills from pipelines + oil refineries cause water pollution and contaminate soils, reducing agricultural prod. and fishing yields in the Niger Delta
Bodo Oil Spills (2008/2009)
3
- 55yr old Shell pipeline ruptured twice
- 600k barrels of oil into surrounding creeks of Niger Delta
- 11M gallons of crude oil spilt over 2km area
effects of Bodo Oil Spills
3
- periwinkle snails now 5x smaller than before oil spill - bait for fish
- 80% of fishermen lost source of income from fishing
- destroyed 1000ha of mangroves and all marine life there
what did Shell do after Bodo Oil Spills
5
- blamed it on theft of crude oil, sabotage, illegal refining
- After 8 months, Shell recognised food shortage crisis and they brought food relief
- It was rejected by locals cuz it was inadequate and insulting.
- after 7yrs of protests and hard fought court battles, Shell eventually agreed to pay $83.2M.
- This was split up amongst community. Most families got 600k naira ($3k)
what does the nnpc do
3
- Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation
- forms joint ventures with TNCs like Shell
- ensures oil profits stay in Nigeria
How have Nigeria’s political links changed
3
- until 1960, part of British Empire
- now Member of British commonwealth
- Leading member of African political and economic groups and international organisations (African Union, ECOWAS, CEN-SAD, WTO, OPEC, UN)
what is the African Union
2
- a organization which hopes to unify the African continent similar to the European Union
- includes countries bordering Nigeria (Niger, Chad, Benin, Cameroon) to provide troops
What is ECOWAS?
Economic Community of West African States - a trading group - boosts economies
What is CEN-SAD?
community of Sahel-Saharan states - a trading group which also develops sporting links
What is OPEC and what does it do?
2
- ‘Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries’ - deals with petroleum
- Stabilizes the price of oil for the exporting countries
what is the United nations
2
- an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security
- In 2013, Nigeria contributed the 5th largest number of troops to UN peacekeeping force
Nigeria’s global trading relationships
2019: (imports, exports), oil
2019:
highest imports - China (26%)
highest exports - EU (38%)
until 2013, USA was Nigeria’s biggest customer for its ‘sweet oil’ (<42% sulphur). But USA got shale oil so India now biggest customer.
what international aid has Nigeria received
3
% aid to African countries, GNI, NGOs
- receives ~6% aid given to African countries
- aid accounts for 0.8% GNI - US$1550M (2019) - most came from individual countries like UK & USA, and some from international organisations like the World Bank.
- Charities & NGOs have also supported projects in Nigeria
How is China aiding Nigeria
3
railway, drilling, business
- infrastructure -$12B contract to build a railway along Nigeria’s coast
- funding for oil excavation -$10B in oilfield drilling (2014)
- 920 companies in Nigeria
Benefits of aid to Nigeria
2
HIV/AIDS, malaria
- Aid from USA helps educate people about protection and spread of HIV/AIDS
- Nets for life (NGO) provides education on malaria prevention and distributes anti-mosquito nets
How has an NGO helped Nigeria
Christian Aid:
* 2017 - 2019, 360k children under 5, received life-saving treatment.
Environmental impacts of economic growth
5
- Industrial growth
- Urban growth
- Commercial farming & deforestation
- Mining
- Oil extraction
Environmental impacts of Industrial growth
2
ind. plants, forests
- ~5k registered ind. plants & 10k illegal small-scale industries.
- 96% of Nigeria’s forests destroyed
Environmental impacts of Urban growth
garbage
- 40ha Olusosun landfill site in Lagos, largest in Africa, one of the largest in the world
- 10k tonnes of rubbish/day and 2.1M tonnes/yr
Environmental impacts of Commercial farming & deforestation
habitat destruction - including cheetahs, giraffes, and nearly 500 types of plant
Environmental impacts of Mining
tin mining - soil erosion
Environmental impacts of Oil extraction
ogale oil spills
2013-2016, 40 separate oil spills, mostly from Shell pipelines in Ogoniland in the Niger Delta:
* Oil contamination in groundwater is up to 1000 times higher than allowed by Nigerian law - dangerous & unfit for human consumption
1990-2019
benefits of economic development on QoL
3
life expectancy, safe water, education
1990 - 2019:
* life expectancy rose by ~8.8yrs
* ppl w/access to safe water 46% to 85%
* secondary school enrolment 25% to 49%
has economic development not really effected QoL?
4
- 40% country still living below ‘poverty line’ - less than US$400/yr
- 57% girls go to primary school and <¼ go to secondary school
- HDI - 0.539
- 33% youths unemployed
