Mumbai Flashcards
location of Mumbai
- West coast of India, central Asia
- Within the Maharashtra state
- +156km coastline
importance of Mumbai regionally
- before used to owe wealth to colonial past, textile mills and seaport
- since 1980s, local economy diversified - specialised tech ind.
- lots of unskilled, informal workers
importance of Mumbai nationally
4
In India accounts for…
- 6% GDP
- 25% ind. prod.
- 60% sea trade
- 33% income tax
importance of Mumbai internationally
3, 2
…, TNCs
- on Suez Canal shipping route
- international airport
- 29th largest city by GDP
home to TNCs such as..
* glaxosmithkline
* walt disney
causes of growth
natural increase
migration
natural increase
3
- 20M ppl
- fertility rate - 4 (1975) to 1.8 (2015) cuz of improved education and contraception availability
- 3.37M (1991-2011)
migration
- 38% migrants in Mumbai come from Maharashtra state - rural
- 5.05M (1991-2011)
how urban growth has created social opportunities
access to services - health, housing and education
access to resources - water supply, energy
social opportunity of access to healthcare
3
infant mortality, doctors/100k, charities
- infant mortality rate in urban areas is 37 but 61 in rural
- 50 doctors/100k ppl in urban but only 5 in rural
- charities like ‘Light of Life Trust’ offer free healthcare
social opportunity of access to education
literacy rates for an urban male in 2011 were 88.76 compared to 77.15 for a rural male.
social opportunity of access to water supply
clean drinking water and does not transmit parasites or cause cholera
social opportunity of housing
affordable housing - $31.5k per apartment.
GDP/capita - $2445
job opportunities in Mumbai
3,3
Mumbai accounts for … in India, HQs
In India accounts for…
- 6% GDP
- 40% foreign trade.
- 25% ind. prod.
HQs of (in downtown South Mumbai):
- Bombay Stock Exchange
- Reserve Bank of India
- Tata Group
job opportunities in Dharavi
4
- informal economy - don’t pay tax
- +60% ppl in Mumbai employed in informal sector
- 85% of people have a job in the slum and work LOCALLY
- ~16k single-room factories employing 250k ppl - contribute ~£700M to Mumbai’s economy/yr
how urban growth has created social challenges
3
- managing urban growth - slums, squatter settlements
- providing clean water, sanitation and energy
- providing access to services - health and education
challenge of managing urban growth (slums and squatter settlements)
population of Dharavi is 750k - 1M
population density - +6200ppl/acre
challenge of providing clean water
- few water pipes in the slum - massive queues
- supply switched on for 2hrs/day by city authorities
- next to water pipes are open sewers which can crack and take in sewage
challenge of providing sanitation
4
- 1/20 people forced to use the street as toilet
- open sewers
- 500 people share 1 public latrine
- doctors deal with 4k cases/day of diphtheria & typhoid
challenge of providing health services
1, 3
population, conditions
most of Indian population is 0-4, ~115M. more difficult to care for
living conditions aren’t great, they make ppl susceptible to disease:
-poor quality water
-mosquitoes which thrive in nearby mangrove swamps
-dangerous jobs (There is toxic waste in the slums including hugely dangerous heavy metals)
challenge of providing education
attendance rate of richest 20% is 95.7% while poorest 20% is 69.4% because many poor children help their families work rather than going to scl
how urban growth has created economic challenges
reducing unemployment and crime
challenge of reducing unemployment
4
- cuz of increasing demand for skilled labour, opportunities for unskilled workers are increasingly limited and wages are low.
- +60% ppl in Mumbai employed in informal sector
- They earn around a £1 a day for work like rag sifting
- annual minimum wage in India is US$700, ~half of Vietnam - US$1300
challenge of reducing crime
- slum houses have little in the way of security
- pick pockets
- organised begging.
how urban growth has created environmental challenges
waste disposal, air and water pollution, traffic congestion.
challenge of managing waste disposal
Mumbai produces 7,500 tonnes of waste/day
challenge of managing air pollution
Air Quality Index (AQI) of Mumbai was rated 180 (2018) - Unhealthy
Bristol - 29
challenge of managing water pollution
800M litres of untreated sewage go into Mithi River every day
challenge of managing traffic congestion
more than 300 vehicles added to roads every day
