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Geo Case Studies > Bristol > Flashcards

Bristol Flashcards

1
Q

Where is Bristol located

A
  • largest city in SW england
  • on River Avon, near its confluence w/River Severn (to the W of Bristol) which leads to Bristol Channel
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2
Q

Wales, London

Bristol’s transport links in UK

2

A
  • linked to Wales by 2 large bridges across the Severn Estuary
  • 190km W of London and linked to it by M4
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3
Q

education, religion, awards

importance of Bristol within the UK

3

A
  • education:2 unis
  • religion: a mix, (mosques, synagogues, 2 cathedrals - Bristol (Anglican) and Clifton (Roman Catholic)
  • first UK city to be awarded European Green Capital (2015)
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4
Q

transport links, industry

importance of Bristol internationally

5, 2

A
  • strategic position on M4 corridor
  • good road & rail links
  • easy access to London
  • rail & ferry services to Europe
  • large airport
  • global ind.s such as financial & business services, defence, aerospace, tech, culture and media
  • largest concentration of silicon chip manufacture outside California
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5
Q

Before

Migration in Bristol

3

1851-91, until 2015, Poland

A
  • 1851-1891 Bristol population 2x - ppl arrived looking for work
  • until 2015, migration from abroad accounted for ~50% population growth; 15% population weren’t born in UK
  • most migrants from Poland (6415 in 2011 census)
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6
Q

Migration in Bristol

Now

A
  • 45 religions
  • +180 countries of birth represented
  • at least 90 languages
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7
Q

positive social impacts of migration in Bristol

2

A
  • mainly young migrants balance ageing population
  • enriches city’s cultural life: Bristol’s large African & Afro-Caribbean population. St. Paul’s Carnival attracts ~40k ppl/yr
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8
Q

positive economic impacts of migration in Bristol

A
  • improving level of skills where there are shortages: most significant in-migration is 18% increase in number of students
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9
Q

negative impacts of migration in Bristol

3

A
  • challenge of integration into wider
    community
  • education needs to be provided for children whose 1st language isn’t English
  • pressures on housing & employment
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10
Q

what factors are bringing about social opportunities in Bristol

4

A
  • h. lvls of migration
  • 2 unis - youthful population
  • +2M ppl live within 50km of city
  • improvements to the area’s motorways and the opening of 2nd River Severn crossing have increased Bristol’s connectivity
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11
Q

How urban change in Bristol has created social opportunities

2

A
  • cultural mix
  • provision of recreation & entertainment
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12
Q

Bristol’s cultural mix

A
  • Museums
  • Food
  • Music
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13
Q

Museums

2

A
  • Aerospace Bristol (Filton)
  • Brunel’s ship SS Great Britain (world’s 1st ocean liner)
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14
Q

Food

A

influx of migrants - increased diversity of food outlets (Thai, Malay, Japanese, Polish, Caribbean)

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15
Q

Music

2

A
  • youthful population - vibrant, underground music scene.
  • Bristol Beacon has jazz, folk, classical, rock music concerts.
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16
Q

Recreation in Bristol

3

A

nature spots:

  • Ashton Court (350ha woodland)
  • Peel Street Green Space
  • Avon Gorge
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17
Q

Entertainment in Bristol

A

-theatres
-sport
-Shopping

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18
Q

theatres

A
  • Bristol Old Vic
  • Bristol Hippodrome
  • The Tobacco Factory
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19
Q

sport

A
  • 2 pro football teams - City and Rovers
  • rugby union team - Bristol Bears
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20
Q

shopping

2

A
  • Cribbs Causeway (located close to M4/M5 junction - excellent access)
  • in city centre - Cabot Circus (2008 - £500M), includes cinema.
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21
Q

how has urban change created economic opportunities in Bristol

3

r&d, EZ, …

A
  • research & dev. carried out in local unis, highly educated & skilled graduate labour force
  • Bristol’s Temple Quarter Enterprise Zone attracts gov. grants & tax relief, easier to get planning permission aimed at creating new jobs there.
  • superfast broadband
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22
Q

employment in Bristol before

3

A
  • based on its function as a port
  • cigarettes made using tobacco produced by slaves on plantations in Caribbean
  • Sherry made from wine imported from Bordeaux.
23
Q

why did employment of Bristol change

A
  • city centre port closed - left empty warehouses
  • deindustrialisation of UK
24
Q

employment in Bristol now

A
  • major dev. in tertiary + quaternary sectors (~75%)
  • there are 430 separate high-tech businesses in the Bristol area - largest conc. outside Silicon Valley
25
Q

why has high-tech ind. developed in Bristol

3

A
  • £100M gov. grant -> Super-Connected City (80Mbps broadband download speed)
  • a large educated & skilled workforce
  • advanced research w/local unis
26
Q

high-tech global companies in Bristol

4

A

Aardman Animations
Hewlett-Packard
Toshiba
Huawei

27
Q

Brunel’s Engine Shed

A

Brunel’s Engine Shed is a re-used listed building. A new £1.7 million Innovation Centre is now built here, home to high-tech low-carbon companies:
- 18 high-tech companies
- 44 companies using the facilities
- a company developing the next gen. of wifi
- ultra-fast digital network provided by Bristol Gigabit.

28
Q

Aardman Animations

4

A
  • Set up in 1972
  • Well known studio (Wallace and Gromit), clay films
  • Computer animation market
  • Won Oscars
29
Q

Financial services industry

3

A
  • 30% jobs in financial sector (employs 35k ppl)
  • supported by strong links w/unis
  • Lloyds Bank - HQ is part of regen. in Bristol Docks area
30
Q

Aerospace industry

3

A
  • 14/15 main global aircraft companies found in Bristol (Airbus, GKN Aerospace)
  • Dev.s like Filton Enterprise Area - established hubs for aviation tech; makes aircraft parts, electronic systems etc.
  • Aerospace courses at local universities available.
31
Q

Bristol’s transport problems due to urban change

3

A
  • +20k ppl commute by car to Bristol
  • only 11% use public transport
  • 2nd most congested city in UK (2012)
32
Q

Why establish an ITS in Bristol

4 strands

A
  • improve accessiblity to, and within, the city -> reduces traffic congestion -> reduces transport costs -> improves profitability of city’s industries + increase employment opportunities within Bristol
33
Q

Bristol’s ITS (Integrated Transport System)

3

A
  • Metrobus rapid transit system (launched in 2018) - connects suburban housing areas w/retail parks, motorway junc.s, railway stations, unis
  • Metrowest subruban rail scheme links w/areas surrounding city
  • New cycle routeways link w/Temple Quarter Enterprise Zone (57% walk and cycle)
34
Q

How has urban change created environmental opportunities for urban greening

4

A
  • as population has grown, there is an increasing need to create green space for recreation and health
  • huge demand 4 parks, wildlife areas, allotments and woodland
  • reduces pollution from all the new development
  • absorbs water to reduce flood risk
35
Q

Urban greening Bristol

4

A
  • +90% of the population live within 350m of parkland or waterways
  • 8 nature reserves
  • +400 parks in the city
  • Queen Square was once a dual carriageway, but now has been transformed into an open space with cycle routes
36
Q

How urban change has created social and economic challenges

5

A

urban deprivation
inequalities in:
* housing
* education
* health
* employment

37
Q

How urban change has created urban deprivation (where a community is deprived of services + amenities)

2

A
  • following bomb dmg in WW2, many inner-city residents re-housed in S. suburbs like Filwood.
  • Today, many of the council-run estates and high-rise flats are in urgent need of modernisation.
38
Q

urban deprivation in Bristol

A

15% of city’s residents (+70k) live in some of the the most deprived areas in England

39
Q

How urban change has created inequalities in housing

A

surge in demand -> house prices in Bristol rose by up to 50%
13k families on council waiting list to be rehoused (2020)

40
Q

How urban change has created inequalities in education

A

Redland Ward - 65.0 avg 8 GCSE attainment score
Filwood - 34.0

occurs due to urban deprivation

41
Q

How urban change has created inequalities in health

A

Filwood - 31% w/health conditions
Clifton - 25%

caused by wealth inequalities and urban deprivation

42
Q

How urban change has created inequalities in employment

2

+ reason

A
  • stoke bishop - 3% unemployment
  • filwood - 1/3 ppl aged 16-24 unemployed; +1/2 long-term unemployed or hv never worked

caused by of low levels of educational attainment in deprived wards - they lack the necessary skills to benefit from the employment prospects.

43
Q

How urban change has created environmental challenges

3

A
  • dereliction
  • building on brownfield and greenfield sites
  • waste disposal
44
Q

dereliction

A
  • after deindustrialisation in 1960s & 1970s and dev. of post-ind. economy based on high-tech and other service ind.s, many industries in city centre (which was where port of Bristol was) became abandoned as port was moved downstream to Avonmouth.
  • former ind. areas may be polluted w/ dangerous substances - £ to clean up
    Examples:
  • Stokes Croft
  • Finzels Reach
45
Q

building on brownfield sites

A

costly - clearing waste, decontaminating polluted land, constructing modern infrastructure (water, electricity, internet access)
Finzels Reach is a redeveloped brownfield site.

46
Q

building on greenfield sites

A

planning permission can take many years
only 5% new developments on greenfield land (2015-2020)
largest greenfield development - Bradley Stoke (1980s)

47
Q

waste disposal

3

pop growth, domestic waste, tonnes of rubbish/yr

A
  • Bristol population growing ~1%/yr
  • waste recycling has reduced amount of domestic waste by ~8% to 462kg/household (2019)
  • despite this, city still generates ~140k tonnes of rubbish/yr
48
Q

what is done to waste that cannot be recycled

A

the waste that cannot be recycled (54k tonnes) taken to a Mechanical Biological Treatment plant at Avonmouth where food waste is converted to methane-rich biogas

49
Q

how has Bristol’s urban change led to urban sprawl

8

A
  • Bristol population growing ~1%/yr (+migration from UK + abroad)
  • demolition of older areas of slum housing
  • Bristol was heavily bombed in WW2 - +3.2k houses lost, 1.8k badly damaged
  • new council homes built in the S. suburbs like Filwood
  • shortage of affordable housing in city centre
  • competition for land in city centre on brownfield sites (ind. retail, office) - causing land prices to rise steeply
  • improvements to transport infrastructure, enabling ppl to commute into city centre
  • many ppl wishing to live in less polluted, quieter semi-rural areas
50
Q

what has been put in place to mitigate urban sprawl

2

A
  • 1966 - Bristol and Bath Green Belt approved
  • Green belt land is protected from new dev.s by strict planning regulations
51
Q

developments that have gone ahead despite green belt

4

A
  • transport links around the city, including the M32, M4, M5 and M49 motorways
  • Cribbs Causeway (out-of-town retail park, next to M5)
  • modern ind. estates (e.g. Aztec West - near M4-M5 junction)
  • Ashton Court golf course
52
Q

Housing developments at Harry Stoke

6

A
  • 1200 homes to meet shortage of housing
  • increase noise
  • increase road congestion
  • destroy habitats
  • increase flood risk
  • loss of open space - mental health
53
Q

growth of commuter settlements

2

A
  • some live in the immediate rural-urban fringe but others travel considerable distances, living in Weston-super-Mare (look at map)
  • since tolls on Severn Bridge abolished in 2018, more ppl choosing to live in S. Wales - property prices lower

Geo Case Studies (25 decks)

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