NEWS/OSP usefulness and limitations Flashcards
only audience + industry theorists
Bandura - Social Learning Theory/Media Effects (usefulness)
Can be applied to…
Mostly applied to messages that are…
Draws attention to the need to…
Supports the argument that…
Can be applied to a range of media products including newspapers
Mostly applies to messages that are delivered strongly and consistently across newspapers (e.g. fear/wrongness of terrorism)
Draws attention to the need to investigate the direct effects on those who consume newspapers
Supports the argument that newspapers should be regulated to avoid public harm
For online news, supports the argument that the internet should be regulated to avoid public harm e.g. remove fake news and terrorist propaganda, clickbait
Bandura - Social Learning Theory/Media Effects (limitations)
Originally developed to…
Newspaper messages are likely to be…
May be outdated for…
By focussing so strongly on…
Originally developed to explain the effects of media with powerful audience positioning such as TV; newspapers representations of violence are less likely to produce imitative behaviour
Newspaper messages are likely to be contradicted by messages from politically/socially opposing papers
May be outdated for online news as messages can be challenged by the audience in the comments, tweets, other posts, which reduces the effect of the original message
By focusing so strongly on the effects of media on the audience, we underestimate the effects of the audience on the media
Gerbner - Cultivation Theory (usefulness)
Can be applied to…
Mostly applies to…
For online news, applies to an audience within…
Draws attention to the need to…
Supports the argument that…
Can be applied to a wide range of media products including newspapers
Mostly applies to messages that are delivered strongly and consistently across newspapers (e.g. fear/wrongness of terrorism)
For online news, applies to audiences within a “digital bubble” who consume messages from a narrow range of sources that target their demographic/psychographic (e.g. algorithmically curated Facebook news feeds)
Draws attention to the need to investigate the long-term effects of violent representations in the news on the audience and how they can create the belief that the world is an inherently dangerous place
Supports the argument that newspapers should be regulated to avoid public harm
Gerbner - Cultivation Theory (limitations)
Originally developed to…
Newspaper messages are likely to be…
May be outdated for…
By focussing so strongly on…
Originally developed to explain the power of television so may be less applicable to newspapers where media consumption is less heavy
Newspaper messages are likely to be contradicted by messages from politically/socially opposing papers
May be outdated for online news as messages can be challenged by the audience in the comments, tweets, other posts, which reduces the effect of the original message
By focusing so strongly on the effects of media on the audience, we underestimate the effects of the audience on the media
Hall - Reception Theory (usefulness)
Applies to…
Draws attention to…
Acknowledges the role of…
Acknowledges the powerful relationship between…
Applies to a wide range of media products including newspapers
Draws attention to the range of possible audience readings
Acknowledges the role of ideological power in creating dominant newspaper messages
Acknowledges the powerful relationship between the producer and audience in the process of creating messages and interpreting meaning through the media product
Hall - Reception Theory (limitations)
Identifies only…
Doesn’t explain the reason for…
Identifies only three possible responses, the theory doesn’t account for other positions or readings audiences may have
Doesn’t explain the reasons for different responses to the same media product
Jenkins - Fandom Theory (usefulness)
Draws attention to the potentially…
Draws attention to the threat of…
Highlights how online news relies on…
Draws attention to the role of…
Draws attention to the potentially revolutionary effect of online media and audiences on news
Draws attention to the threat of online media to traditional models of newsgathering and distribution
Highlights how online news relies on participatory media such as Facebook, Instagram and Twitter/X to disseminate (spread) news
Draws attention to the role of participatory culture in developing citizen journalism
Jenkins - Fandom Theory (limitations)
Does not apply to…
Does not take into account that…
The optimistic view of the power of online audiences underestimates…
Underestimates the effect of…
Does not apply to print newspapers due to their traditional production
Does not take into account that fandom/participatory culture is less likely to occur for online newspapers due to their content and the ethos of professional journalism
The optimistic view of the power of online audiences underestimates the power that media conglomerates have to shape and control online content
Underestimates the effect of media products on audiences
Shirky - End of Audience Theory (usefulness)
Draws attention to the potentially…
Draws attention to the threat of…
Highlights how online news relies on…
Draws attention to the potentially revolutionary effect of online media and audiences on news
Draws attention to the threat of online media to traditional models of newsgathering and distribution
Highlights how online news relies on participatory media such as Facebook, Instagram and Twitter/X to disseminate (spread) news
Shirky - End of Audience Theory (limitations)
Does not apply to…
The optimistic view of the power of online audiences underestimates…
Underestimates the effect of…
Does not apply to print newspapers due to their traditional production
The optimistic view of the power of online audiences underestimates the power that media conglomerates have to shape and control online content
Underestimates the effect of media products on audiences
Curran and Seaton - Power and Media Industries Theory (usefulness)
Draws attention to the forms and effects of…
Applies to a specific range of…
Applies to the long history of…
In relation to online news, it counters…
Draws attention to the forms and effects of ownership and control, working practices and the issues of risk/profitability
Applies to a specific range of political opinions expressed by British newspapers e.g. pro-capitalism due to ownership and affiliation
Applies to the long history of “press barons” e.g Rupert Murdoch or Lord Rothermere owning news companies in order to achieve status and wield political power
In relation to online news, it counters the overly optimistic views of the internet of it being positively free and creative
Curran and Seaton - Power and Media Industries Theory (limitations)
Does not aid in understanding how…
Does not aid in understanding how ideologies, audience choice or media language conventions can determine media content
Livingstone and Lunt - Regulation Theory (usefulness)
Their research between consumers and citizens can be applied to…
Their research between consumers and citizens can be applied to the regulation of the press, such that both consumers and citizens can lodge reports to IPSO.
Livingstone and Lunt - Regulation Theory (limitations)
Does not explain anything…
Does not explain anything specific to newspapers
Hesmondhalgh - Cultural Industries Theory (usefulness)
In relation to online news, it counters the…
Draws attention to the forms and effects of…
Applies to the competition for…
In relation to online news, it counters the overly optimistic views of the internet of it being positively free and creative
Draws attention to the forms and effects of ownership and control, working practices and the issues of risk/profitability
Applies to the competition for news companies to appeal to readers and earn revenue from advertising
