New Risks for Equine Dz Incursion (How did that..)

Question 1

Process for horse import

Answer 1

International health certificate with exam by vet
Imports to USDA animal import center or land border port
Exam by USDA: vets, test for dourine, glanders, EP, EIA, ticks and acaricide spraying
3d or 7d quarantine with health monitoring

Question 2

Haemaphysalis longicornis (Asian longhorned tick)

Answer 2

First ID in US in 2017
Parthenogenic tick (female reproduces without male)

Question 3

CS from H. longicornis

Answer 3

Stress, neuro signs, reduced growth and production, anemia, WL and severe blood loss

Question 4

Which bacteria is H. longicornis a vector for?

Answer 4

Theileria equi, Babesia caballi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Boreelia burgdorferi, Powassan virus

Question 5

New global risks

Answer 5

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis in Mexico
Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Australia
Import of Euro-origin horses via Mexico and CEM risk
Illegal movement of horses across the US- Mexican border

Question 6

How did the US change its protocol once it found out about the VEE case in Mexico?

Answer 6

Horses from Mexico went form 3d quarantine to 7d
Febrile or clinical horses from Mexico are tested for VEE by IgM capture ELISA

Question 7

VEE in US

Answer 7

Texas 1971
1500 horses died in Texas
USDA funded vx of 2.8mill to stop outbreak
Aerial mosquito spraying of 10.5 mill acres

Question 8

Contagious equine metritis (CEM) imports

Answer 8

Extensive testing protocol requires stallions to cover 2 test mares: test out procedure taking 6w (8500-1500$)

Question 9

Result of more frequently occurring natural disasters

Answer 9

Producing new co-mingling situations (forming new herds while escaping and move to evac center)
↑ exposure to highly contagious resp dz (influenza, EHV-1 and strangles)

Question 10

Legal entry of horses from Mexico

Answer 10

Interntional health certificate (exam performed by vets)
7d import quarantine @ border with PE and monitored by APHIS-VS vet
Exam and spray dipping for ticks
Testing @ NVSL for dourine, glanders, EP, EIA
denied entry if 1 of these not met

Question 11

How are horses smuggled from Mexico?

Answer 11

Rio Grande

Question 12

Pre- purchase exams for if former QH Racehorse

Answer 12

Test for EIA and EP

Question 13

What do you for for is active breeding stallions?

Answer 13

Test annually for CEM and EVA before collecting/ breeding