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Biology 141 > New Exam 2 > Flashcards

New Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Who created the naming system of binomial nomenclature?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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2
Q

List the taxonomic groups from broad to narrow

A 
Domain 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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3
Q

What is a monophyletic?

A

Shows ancestor species and all descendants

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4
Q

What is paraphyletic?

A

Shows ancestor species and some, not all, descendants

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5
Q

What is polyphyletic?

A

Shows various species that lack a common ancestor

Birds and mammals both warm blooded

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6
Q

What is parsimounious?

A

Fewest evolutionary steps

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7
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

Evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

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8
Q

What is systematics?

A

Classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships
Uses fossils, molecular and genetic data

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9
Q

What is a branching point?

A

Represents the divergence of two species

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10
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A

Shows relationship between different species or groups

A hypothesis

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11
Q

What are sister taxa?

A

Groups that share an immediate common ancestor

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12
Q

What is homology?

A

Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestor

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13
Q

What is analogy?

A

Similarity in characteristics resulting from convergent evolution

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14
Q

What is cladistics?

A

Individuals or the study of conducting phylogenetic trees

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15
Q

What is a clade?

A

A group or species that includes an ancestral species and all it’s descendants

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16
Q

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

A

Gram positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer

Gram negative bacteria have two membrane layers and one smaller peptidoglycan layer

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17
Q

What is a capsule?

A

A polysaccharide or protein layer that covers most prokaryotes
Used for attachment

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18
Q

What is a fimbriae?

A

Allows bacteria to stick to other individuals

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19
Q

What is a sex pili?

A

Longer than fimbriae

Used for DNA transfer

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20
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

Smaller ring of DNA

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21
Q

What is an endospore?

A

Metabollically inactive capsule which can remain viable in harsh conditions for centuries

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22
Q

How do R plasmids confer antibiotic resistance on bacteria?

A

The R plasmids have gene countering the antibiotic so they can’t be killed

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23
Q

What contributes to genetic diversity in prokaryotes?

A

Mutation
Rapid Reproduction
Genetic recombination

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24
Q

What is transformation?

A

Incorporates foreign DNA into it’s own

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25
What is transduction?
Moving of genes between bacteria and bacteriaphage
26
What is conjugation?
Transfer of genetic material between bacteria cell via sex pili
27
What are chemotrophs, autotrophs, heterotrophs, and phototophs?
Chemo - obtain energy from chemicals Auto - require CO2 as a carbon source Hetero - require other carbon sources Photo - obtain energy from light
28
What is mutualism?
Both organisms benefit
29
What is commensalism?
One organism benefits, the other is neither harmed nor helped
30
What is parasitism?
An organism called a parasite harms but doesn't kill host
31
What is an exotoxin?
cause disease even if the prokaryotes that produce them aren't present
32
What is an endotoxin?
Released only when the bacteria die and their cell walls break down
33
Why is the kingdom protista no longer considered a legitimate taxon?
They do not all share a common ancestor
34
What is a mixotroph?
An organism that is phototrophic and heterotrophic
35
What are producers?
Organisms that use the sun/light for energy | They are a food source
36
What is psuedopodia?
A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding
37
What are tests?
Porous shells that exist on forams
38
What is red tide?
Red tide occurs when dinoflagellate's blooms appear to change the color of the water
39
What is primary endosymbiosis?
A gram negative cyanobacterium is engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryote
40
What is secondary endosymbiosis?
The organism in primary endosymbiosis diversifies into red and green algae These are then engulfed by other eukaryotes
41
This group includes the gymnamoebas and slimemolds
Amoebozoans
42
Are named for their grass-green chloroplasts. | Also give the supergroup
Green Algae | Archaeplastida
43
Sushi is typically wrapped in this algae. | Also give the supergroup
Red Algae | Archaeplastida
44
List the five supergroups of Eukaryotes
``` Unikonta Chromalveolata Rhizaria Excavata Archeaplastida ```
45
This protist has two equally sized nuclei and multiple flagella. Also give the supergroup.
Diplomonads | Excavata
46
This group includes the parasite that causes malaria. Give the group name and genus Also give the supergroup
Apicomplexans Plasmodium | Chromalveolata
47
Representatives of this protist group are unicellular algae with a unique two part glass like wall of hydrated silica. Also give the supergroup
Diatom | Chromalveolata
48
This specific algae consists of what we commonly call seaweeds. They are the largest and most complex algae. Also give the supergroup
Brown algae | Chromalveolata
49
This supergroup of eukaryotes includes animals and fungi
Unikonta
50
They cause sleeping sickness. | Give the genus, group and supergroup
Trypanasoma | Kinetoplastids, Euglenozoans, Excavata
51
This specific protist is found in both marine and freshwater and its blooms are the cause of toxic "red tides" Give the supergroup
Dinoflagellates | Chromalveolata
52
Their marine tests are usually made of silica. Their pseudopodia radiate from the center of the body. Give the supergroup
Radiolarians | Rhizaria
53
This group of organisms were once though to be fungi. Includes water molds, water rusts, and downy mildews. Give the supergroup
Oomycetes | Chromalveolata
54
These organisms are named for their porous shells called "tests" Also give the supergroup
Foraminiforans | Rhizaria
55
They use ____ to move and feed. They have a large macronucleus and a small macronucleus. Also give the supergroup.
Cilia Ciliates Chromalveolata
56
Includes Trichomanas vaginalis | Also give the supergrouo
Parabasalids | Excavata
57
Name the group in which most have a "hairy" flagellum paired with a smooth flagellum
Stramenopila
58
Have membrane bound sacs (alveali) just under the plasma membrane
Alveolates
59
Land plants are descended from this group
Green algae
60
Contains phycoerythrin, which makes the green of chlorophyll and is the most abundant large algae in coastal tropical waters
Red algae
61
What are the four shared traits between charophytes and land plants?
Rings of cellulose synthesizing proteins Formation of phragmoplast Structure of flagellated sperm Peroxisome enzymes
62
What are the traits that appear in land plants and not algae?
Alteration of generation Walled spores produced in sporongia Apical meristems - active growing tip Gametophytes that are male or female
63
Why do most bryophytes grow close to the ground and restricted to moist enviornments
Don't have a vascular system to transport nutrients | Sperm must travel by water
64
What is an antheridia?
The male gametophyte in plants
65
What is the archegonia?
The female gametophyte in plants
66
What is alternation of generations?
A life cycle where there is both a haploid and diploid cell
67
What is an endosperm?
The product of double pollination | Food supply for an embryo
68
What is a cotlyedon?
Leaves of a seed
69
What is pollination?
When pollen is combined with an egg and undergoes fertilization
70
What are the four phyla of gymnosperms?
Cycadophyta Ginkophyta Gnetophyta Coniferophyta
71
Why is the evolution of pollen an important evolutionary step?
Pollen can travel farther and to non moist enviornements. They can also live for longer and in harsher conditions
72
All protists are what?
Eukaryotic
73
The process of conjuagation occurs in what group of protists?
Ciliates
74
What is phloem?
Vascular tissue of plants that transports sugar and other organic nutrients
75
What is xylem?
Vascular tissue of plants that transports water and minerals
76
What is an apical meristem?
The part in a plant where there is the most growth | Normally at end of root or tip of plant
77
What are microphylls?
Leaves with a single vein
78
What are megaphylls?
Leaves with a highly branched vascular system
79
What are sporophylls?
Modified leaves with sporangia
80
What is homosporous?
One structure produces both male and female gametophytes
81
What is heterosporous?
Seperate structures produce male and female gametophytes
82
What are the sepals?
Enclose the flower
83
What are the petals?
Brightly colored and attract pollinators
84
What are stamens?
Produce pollen on their terminal anthers
85
What are carpels?
Produce ovules
86
What are ovules?
Develop in the ovary of a seed plant | Contains the female gametophyte
87
What are monocots?
Plants that only have one embryonic seed leaf
88
What are dicots or Eudicots?
A plant that has two embryonic seed leaves
89
What is double fertilization?
Two sperm match with two eggs to form a zygote and endosperm
90
What is intergument?
Layerof sporophyte tissue that contributes to the structure of an ovule
91
What are angiosperms?
Seed plants with reproductive structures called flowers and fruits
92
What are the advantages of seeds to spores?
Wings Seeds within berries Barbs
93
What is sporopollenin?
A polymer that covers zygotes to prevent them from drying out
94
What is a sporangia?
An organ in where haploid cells develop
95
What is the life cycle of an angiosperm
Mature sporophyte Anther Ovary Microsporangium Ovule Microsporocytes Megasporangium Microspore Megaspore Male gametophyte Female Gametophyte Sperm goes into Pollen tube Egg Double Fertilization Zygote Seed
96
What is the life cycle of a pine?
Mature sporophyte Pollen Cone Ovulate cone Microsporangia Ovule Microsporocytes Megasporangia Megasporocyte Microspore Megaspore Pollen grains Female Gametophyte Sperm goes into Pollen tube Egg Fertilization Zygote Seed
97
What is the life cycle of a seedless vascular plant
``` Mature sporophyte Sorus Sporangium Spore Gametophyte Antheridium Archegonium Sperm Egg Fertilization Zygote ```
98
What is the life cycle of a bryophyte?
Mature sporophyte Spore Male gametophyte Female Gametophyte Antheridia Archegonia Sperm Egg Fertilization Zygote
99
What is common to both charophytes and land plants?
Phragmoplast formation Flagellated sperm Similar peroxisome enzymes Rings of cellulose synthesizing proteins
100
What is a land plant with flagellated sperm and a sporophyte dominated life cycle?
Fern
101
Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium?
Within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower
102
What are the three traits that characterize vascular plants?
Life cycles with dominant sporophytes Vascular tissues called xylem and phloem Well developed roots and leaves

Biology 141 (10 decks)

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