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Biology 141 > New Exam 2 > Flashcards

New Exam 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who created the naming system of binomial nomenclature?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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2
Q

List the taxonomic groups from broad to narrow

A 
Domain 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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3
Q

What is a monophyletic?

A

Shows ancestor species and all descendants

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4
Q

What is paraphyletic?

A

Shows ancestor species and some, not all, descendants

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5
Q

What is polyphyletic?

A

Shows various species that lack a common ancestor

Birds and mammals both warm blooded

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6
Q

What is parsimounious?

A

Fewest evolutionary steps

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7
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

Evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

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8
Q

What is systematics?

A

Classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships
Uses fossils, molecular and genetic data

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9
Q

What is a branching point?

A

Represents the divergence of two species

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10
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A

Shows relationship between different species or groups

A hypothesis

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11
Q

What are sister taxa?

A

Groups that share an immediate common ancestor

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12
Q

What is homology?

A

Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestor

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13
Q

What is analogy?

A

Similarity in characteristics resulting from convergent evolution

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14
Q

What is cladistics?

A

Individuals or the study of conducting phylogenetic trees

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15
Q

What is a clade?

A

A group or species that includes an ancestral species and all it’s descendants

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16
Q

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

A

Gram positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer

Gram negative bacteria have two membrane layers and one smaller peptidoglycan layer

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17
Q

What is a capsule?

A

A polysaccharide or protein layer that covers most prokaryotes
Used for attachment

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18
Q

What is a fimbriae?

A

Allows bacteria to stick to other individuals

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19
Q

What is a sex pili?

A

Longer than fimbriae

Used for DNA transfer

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20
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

Smaller ring of DNA

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21
Q

What is an endospore?

A

Metabollically inactive capsule which can remain viable in harsh conditions for centuries

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22
Q

How do R plasmids confer antibiotic resistance on bacteria?

A

The R plasmids have gene countering the antibiotic so they can’t be killed

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23
Q

What contributes to genetic diversity in prokaryotes?

A

Mutation
Rapid Reproduction
Genetic recombination

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24
Q

What is transformation?

A

Incorporates foreign DNA into it’s own

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25
Q

What is transduction?

A

Moving of genes between bacteria and bacteriaphage

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26
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Transfer of genetic material between bacteria cell via sex pili

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27
Q

What are chemotrophs, autotrophs, heterotrophs, and phototophs?

A

Chemo - obtain energy from chemicals
Auto - require CO2 as a carbon source
Hetero - require other carbon sources
Photo - obtain energy from light

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28
Q

What is mutualism?

A

Both organisms benefit

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29
Q

What is commensalism?

A

One organism benefits, the other is neither harmed nor helped

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30
Q

What is parasitism?

A

An organism called a parasite harms but doesn’t kill host

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31
Q

What is an exotoxin?

A

cause disease even if the prokaryotes that produce them aren’t present

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32
Q

What is an endotoxin?

A

Released only when the bacteria die and their cell walls break down

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33
Q

Why is the kingdom protista no longer considered a legitimate taxon?

A

They do not all share a common ancestor

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34
Q

What is a mixotroph?

A

An organism that is phototrophic and heterotrophic

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35
Q

What are producers?

A

Organisms that use the sun/light for energy

They are a food source

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36
Q

What is psuedopodia?

A

A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding

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37
Q

What are tests?

A

Porous shells that exist on forams

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38
Q

What is red tide?

A

Red tide occurs when dinoflagellate’s blooms appear to change the color of the water

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39
Q

What is primary endosymbiosis?

A

A gram negative cyanobacterium is engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryote

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40
Q

What is secondary endosymbiosis?

A

The organism in primary endosymbiosis diversifies into red and green algae
These are then engulfed by other eukaryotes

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41
Q

This group includes the gymnamoebas and slimemolds

A

Amoebozoans

42
Q

Are named for their grass-green chloroplasts.

Also give the supergroup

A

Green Algae

Archaeplastida

43
Q

Sushi is typically wrapped in this algae.

Also give the supergroup

A

Red Algae

Archaeplastida

44
Q

List the five supergroups of Eukaryotes

A 
Unikonta
Chromalveolata
Rhizaria
Excavata
Archeaplastida
45
Q

This protist has two equally sized nuclei and multiple flagella.
Also give the supergroup.

A

Diplomonads

Excavata

46
Q

This group includes the parasite that causes malaria.
Give the group name and genus
Also give the supergroup

A

Apicomplexans Plasmodium

Chromalveolata

47
Q

Representatives of this protist group are unicellular algae with a unique two part glass like wall of hydrated silica.
Also give the supergroup

A

Diatom

Chromalveolata

48
Q

This specific algae consists of what we commonly call seaweeds. They are the largest and most complex algae.
Also give the supergroup

A

Brown algae

Chromalveolata

49
Q

This supergroup of eukaryotes includes animals and fungi

A

Unikonta

50
Q

They cause sleeping sickness.

Give the genus, group and supergroup

A

Trypanasoma

Kinetoplastids, Euglenozoans, Excavata

51
Q

This specific protist is found in both marine and freshwater and its blooms are the cause of toxic “red tides”
Give the supergroup

A

Dinoflagellates

Chromalveolata

52
Q

Their marine tests are usually made of silica. Their pseudopodia radiate from the center of the body.
Give the supergroup

A

Radiolarians

Rhizaria

53
Q

This group of organisms were once though to be fungi. Includes water molds, water rusts, and downy mildews.
Give the supergroup

A

Oomycetes

Chromalveolata

54
Q

These organisms are named for their porous shells called “tests”
Also give the supergroup

A

Foraminiforans

Rhizaria

55
Q

They use ____ to move and feed.
They have a large macronucleus and a small macronucleus.
Also give the supergroup.

A

Cilia
Ciliates
Chromalveolata

56
Q

Includes Trichomanas vaginalis

Also give the supergrouo

A

Parabasalids

Excavata

57
Q

Name the group in which most have a “hairy” flagellum paired with a smooth flagellum

A

Stramenopila

58
Q

Have membrane bound sacs (alveali) just under the plasma membrane

A

Alveolates

59
Q

Land plants are descended from this group

A

Green algae

60
Q

Contains phycoerythrin, which makes the green of chlorophyll and is the most abundant large algae in coastal tropical waters

A

Red algae

61
Q

What are the four shared traits between charophytes and land plants?

A

Rings of cellulose synthesizing proteins
Formation of phragmoplast
Structure of flagellated sperm
Peroxisome enzymes

62
Q

What are the traits that appear in land plants and not algae?

A

Alteration of generation
Walled spores produced in sporongia
Apical meristems - active growing tip
Gametophytes that are male or female

63
Q

Why do most bryophytes grow close to the ground and restricted to moist enviornments

A

Don’t have a vascular system to transport nutrients

Sperm must travel by water

64
Q

What is an antheridia?

A

The male gametophyte in plants

65
Q

What is the archegonia?

A

The female gametophyte in plants

66
Q

What is alternation of generations?

A

A life cycle where there is both a haploid and diploid cell

67
Q

What is an endosperm?

A

The product of double pollination

Food supply for an embryo

68
Q

What is a cotlyedon?

A

Leaves of a seed

69
Q

What is pollination?

A

When pollen is combined with an egg and undergoes fertilization

70
Q

What are the four phyla of gymnosperms?

A

Cycadophyta
Ginkophyta
Gnetophyta
Coniferophyta

71
Q

Why is the evolution of pollen an important evolutionary step?

A

Pollen can travel farther and to non moist enviornements. They can also live for longer and in harsher conditions

72
Q

All protists are what?

A

Eukaryotic

73
Q

The process of conjuagation occurs in what group of protists?

A

Ciliates

74
Q

What is phloem?

A

Vascular tissue of plants that transports sugar and other organic nutrients

75
Q

What is xylem?

A

Vascular tissue of plants that transports water and minerals

76
Q

What is an apical meristem?

A

The part in a plant where there is the most growth

Normally at end of root or tip of plant

77
Q

What are microphylls?

A

Leaves with a single vein

78
Q

What are megaphylls?

A

Leaves with a highly branched vascular system

79
Q

What are sporophylls?

A

Modified leaves with sporangia

80
Q

What is homosporous?

A

One structure produces both male and female gametophytes

81
Q

What is heterosporous?

A

Seperate structures produce male and female gametophytes

82
Q

What are the sepals?

A

Enclose the flower

83
Q

What are the petals?

A

Brightly colored and attract pollinators

84
Q

What are stamens?

A

Produce pollen on their terminal anthers

85
Q

What are carpels?

A

Produce ovules

86
Q

What are ovules?

A

Develop in the ovary of a seed plant

Contains the female gametophyte

87
Q

What are monocots?

A

Plants that only have one embryonic seed leaf

88
Q

What are dicots or Eudicots?

A

A plant that has two embryonic seed leaves

89
Q

What is double fertilization?

A

Two sperm match with two eggs to form a zygote and endosperm

90
Q

What is intergument?

A

Layerof sporophyte tissue that contributes to the structure of an ovule

91
Q

What are angiosperms?

A

Seed plants with reproductive structures called flowers and fruits

92
Q

What are the advantages of seeds to spores?

A

Wings
Seeds within berries
Barbs

93
Q

What is sporopollenin?

A

A polymer that covers zygotes to prevent them from drying out

94
Q

What is a sporangia?

A

An organ in where haploid cells develop

95
Q

What is the life cycle of an angiosperm

A

Mature sporophyte
Anther Ovary
Microsporangium Ovule
Microsporocytes Megasporangium
Microspore Megaspore
Male gametophyte Female Gametophyte
Sperm goes into Pollen tube Egg
Double Fertilization
Zygote
Seed

96
Q

What is the life cycle of a pine?

A

Mature sporophyte
Pollen Cone Ovulate cone
Microsporangia Ovule
Microsporocytes Megasporangia
Megasporocyte
Microspore Megaspore
Pollen grains Female Gametophyte
Sperm goes into Pollen tube Egg
Fertilization
Zygote
Seed

97
Q

What is the life cycle of a seedless vascular plant

A 
Mature sporophyte
                            Sorus
                            Sporangium
                             Spore
                        Gametophyte
Antheridium                          Archegonium
Sperm                                         Egg
                     Fertilization
                         Zygote
98
Q

What is the life cycle of a bryophyte?

A

Mature sporophyte
Spore
Male gametophyte Female Gametophyte
Antheridia Archegonia
Sperm Egg
Fertilization
Zygote

99
Q

What is common to both charophytes and land plants?

A

Phragmoplast formation
Flagellated sperm
Similar peroxisome enzymes
Rings of cellulose synthesizing proteins

100
Q

What is a land plant with flagellated sperm and a sporophyte dominated life cycle?

A

Fern

101
Q

Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium?

A

Within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower

102
Q

What are the three traits that characterize vascular plants?

A

Life cycles with dominant sporophytes
Vascular tissues called xylem and phloem
Well developed roots and leaves

Biology 141 (10 decks)

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