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Biology 141 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the seven properties of living organisms?

A 
Order
Energy
Responds to Stimulus
Reproduction
Evolutionary Adaptation
Regulation
Growth and Development
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2
Q

What are the seven themes that connect biology?

A

New properties emerge at each level in biological hierarchy
Organisms interact with their environment
Life requires energy transfer and transformation
Structure and function are correlated
Cells are the basic unit of life
Continuity of life is based on DNA
Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems

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3
Q

What are the two types of feedback mechanisms?

A

Negative feedback

Positive feedback

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4
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The branch of biology that names and classifies species

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5
Q

What is the order of classification?

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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6
Q

What is discovery science?

A

Describes natural structures and processes

Based on observation and analysis of data

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7
Q

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?

A

Qualitative data is behaviors and observations

Quantitative data is a precise number

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8
Q

What did linnaeus do?

A

Created binomial nomenclature

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9
Q

Who was the first person to propose a way of naming species?

A

Linnaeus

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10
Q

What did Cuvier discover?

A

There are different organisms in different layers of rock

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11
Q

What did Lamarck propose?

A

Species evolve through use and disuse of body parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics
Changes that occur during life are passed to the next generation

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12
Q

What were the two main ideas in “The Origins of the Species”

A

Descent with modification

Natural selection

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13
Q

What were Darwin’s four big observations?

A

Members of a population often vary greatly in their traits
Traits are inheritable
All species can produce more offspring than the environment can support
Many offspring don’t survive due to lack of resources

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14
Q

What were Darwin’s two inferences?

A

Individuals with better traits survive and reproduce better

Better traits will be more common in an environment

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15
Q

What are the four evidences of evolution?

A

Direct observations of evolutionary change
Fossil evidence
Homology
Biogeography

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16
Q

What do fossil records provide evidence of?

A

Extinction of species
Origin of new species
Changes within groups over time

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17
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Similar structures that have been modified for different purposes

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18
Q

What is microevolution?

A

a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations

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19
Q

What is needed in order to have variation?

A

Mutation and Meiosis

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20
Q

What are the conditions for Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium?

A 
No mutations
Random mating
No natural selection
Extremely large population size
No gene flow
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21
Q

What is the main source of energy for producers?

A

Light energy

22
Q

What kind of organisms are fungi and plants?

A

Eukaryotic

23
Q

Which way of incluencing gene frequencies most consistently requires a small population?

A

Genetic Drift

24
Q

What is a genome?

A

The entire set of alleles and traits in a species

25
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

The process of man interfering with natural selection to breed individuals with specific traits

26
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

An example of genetic drift caused by separation of a small group to a different location

27
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

Speciation caused by a population getting divided into 2 separate geographical locations

28
Q

Distinguish the difference between discovery and hypothesis-based science

A

Discovery science is based off of observation and data analysis
Hypothesis science is based from observing and asking questions

29
Q

What is reductionism?

A

The reduction of more complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study

30
Q

What is inquiry?

A

The search for information and explanation

31
Q

What do eukaryotic cells contain that prokaryotic cells do not?

A

nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles

32
Q

What is the scientific method?

A 
Observation
Question
Form a hypothesis
Testing
Draw conclusions
33
Q

What did lyell say?

A

Geological changes occur and are constant

34
Q

What are acquired characteristics?

A

Changes that occur during life are passed to the next generation

35
Q

What are discrete characters?

A

Either one choice or another

White or black

36
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Describes how allele frequencies drift

37
Q

What is the bottleneck effect?

A

Reduction in population size due to environment change

38
Q

What is gene flow?

A

Movement of alleles among populations

39
Q

What is directional selection?

A

Favors individuals at one end of the phenotype range

40
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

The extremes in the phenotypic range is favored

41
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

The middle phenotypic range is favored

42
Q

What is adaptive evolution?

A

The constant attempt to match between an organism and it’s enviornment

43
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

Natural selection for mating success

44
Q

What is sexual dimorphism?

A

Two genders looking different

45
Q

What is the biological species content?

A

Populations that have the ability to interbreed and produce viable offspring

46
Q

What is productive isolation?

A

Biological factors that impede two species from producing viable offspring

47
Q

What are the prezygotic barriers?

A

Habitat isolation - environmental barriers
Temporal isolation - times don’t line up
Behavioral isolation - rituals prevent mating
Mechanical isolation - physically can’t mate
Gametic isolation - gametes don’t recognize

48
Q

What are the postzygotic barriers?

A

Reduced hybrid viability - offspring never fully develop
Reduced hybrid fertility - offspring is sterile
Hybrid breakdown - Offspring of hybrid is low quality

49
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

Speciation takes place in geographically overlapping areas

50
Q

What causes sympatric speciation?

A

Polyploidy - Haploid cells are diploid
Habitat differentiation - different niches are being occupied
Sexual selection - females look for different traits

51
Q

What are the three possibilities of species that meet in a hybrid zone?

A

Strengthening of reproductive barriers - they get farther apart
Weakening of reproductive barriers - two species fuse into one
Continued formation of hybrid individuals - creates a stable hybrid zone

Biology 141 (10 decks)

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