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Biology 141 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the seven themes that connect biology?

A

New properties emerge at each level in biological hierarchy
Organisms interact with their environment
Life requires energy transfer and transformation
Structure and function are correlated
Cells are the basic unit of life
Continuity of life is based on DNA
Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems

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2
Q

What is discovery science?

A

Describes natural structures and processes

Based on observation and analysis of data

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3
Q

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?

A

Qualitative data is behaviors and observations

Quantitative data is a precise number

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4
Q

What is hypothesis based science?

A

Observations lead us to ask questions

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5
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Bacteria
Eukarya
Archaea

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6
Q

What are the three Eukarya kingdoms?

A

Plantae
Fungi
Animalia

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7
Q

What is the scientific method?

A 
Observation
Question
Form a hypothesis
Testing
Draw conclusions
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8
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The branch of biology that names and classifies species

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9
Q

What is a genome?

A

The entire set of alleles and traits in a species

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10
Q

What is inquiry?

A

The search for information and explanation

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11
Q

What is evolution?

A

The process that has transformed life on earth

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12
Q

What is biology?

A

The study of life

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13
Q

What is the difference between biotic and abiotic interactions?

A

Abiotic - interactions between nonliving

Biotic - interactions between living

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14
Q

What are emergent properties?

A

Each level has different properties

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15
Q

What is reductionism?

A

The reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study

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16
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

The more a product builds up, the process slows production

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17
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

The more a product builds up, the process speeds up production
Contractions with child birth

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18
Q

What did linnaeus do?

A

Created binomial nomenclature

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19
Q

What did Cuvier discover?

A

There are different organisms in different layers of rock

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20
Q

What did Lamarck propose?

A

Species evolve through use and disuse of body parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics
Changes that occur during life are passed to the next generation

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21
Q

What did Wallace do?

A

Independently came up with a similar theory of evolution by natural selection

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22
Q

What did lyell say?

A

Geological changes occur and are constant

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23
Q

What is decent with modification?

A

Changes from generation to generation

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24
Q

What were Darwin’s four big observations?

A

Members of a population often vary greatly in their traits
Traits are inheritable
All species can produce more offspring than the environment can support
Many offspring don’t survive due to lack of resources

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25
Q

What were Darwin’s two inferences?

A

Individuals with better traits survive and reproduce better

Better traits will be more common in an environment

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26
Q

What are the four evidences of evolution?

A

Direct observations of evolutionary change
Fossil evidence
Homology
Biogeography

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27
Q

What do fossil records provide evidence of?

A

Extinction of species
Origin of new species
Changes within groups over time

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28
Q

What is paleontology?

A

The study of fossil animals and plants

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29
Q

What do eukaryotic cells contain that prokaryotic cells do not?

A

nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles

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30
Q

What are acquired characteristics?

A

Changes that occur during life are passed to the next generation

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31
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Better adapted organisms pass traits more readily

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32
Q

What is artifical selection?

A

Breed for specific individuals and traits

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33
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Similar structures that have been modified for different purposes

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34
Q

What are vestigial structures?

A

Organs that use to serve a purpose but no longer do

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35
Q

What is pangea?

A

One large super continent that all the current continents existed as
Separated by continental drift

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36
Q

What is bio-geography?

A

The geographic distribution of species

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37
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Traits that share similar purpose with no shared ancestors

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38
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Evolution of similar or analogous features is distantly related groups

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39
Q

What are endemic species?

A

Species that are defined to a unique geographic region

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40
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

An example of genetic drift caused by separation of a small group to a different location

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41
Q

What is the bottleneck effect?

A

Reduction in population size due to environment change

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42
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Describes how allele frequencies drift

Bottleneck and founder effect

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43
Q

What are the conditions for Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium?

A 
No mutations
Random mating
No natural selection
Extremely large population size
No gene flow
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44
Q

What is the Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium?

A

allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant in the absence of other evolutionary influences

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45
Q

What is microevolution?

A

a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations

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46
Q

What is gene flow?

A

Movement of alleles among populations

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47
Q

What are discrete characters?

A

Either one choice or another

White or black

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48
Q

What are quantitative characters?

A

Proboscis length of bug

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49
Q

What is the locus?

A

Location of the gene on a chromosome

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50
Q

What is an allele?

A

Part of DNA that codes for something

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51
Q

What is sexual dimorphism?

A

Two genders looking different

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52
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

Natural selection for mating success

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53
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

Collection of all the alleles present in a population

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54
Q

What is macroevolution / speciation?

A

The origin of a news species

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55
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

The middle phenotypic range is favored

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56
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

The extremes in the phenotypic range is favored

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57
Q

What is directional selection?

A

Favors individuals at one end of the phenotype range

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58
Q

What is needed in order to have variation?

A

Mutation and Meiosis

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59
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

Speciation takes place in geographically overlapping

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60
Q

What causes sympatric speciation?

A

Polyploidy - Haploid cells are diploid
Habitat differentiation - different niches are being occupied
Sexual selection - females look for different traits

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61
Q

What are the three possibilities of species that meet in a hybrid zone?

A

Strengthening of reproductive barriers - they get farther apart
Weakening of reproductive barriers - two species fuse into one
Continued formation of hybrid individuals - creates a stable hybrid zone

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62
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

Speciation caused by a population getting divided into 2 separate geographical locations

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63
Q

What are the prezygotic barriers?

A

Habitat isolation - environmental barriers
Temporal isolation - times don’t line up
Behavioral isolation - rituals prevent mating
Mechanical isolation - physically can’t mate
Gametic isolation - gametes don’t recognize

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64
Q

What are the postzygotic barriers?

A

Reduced hybrid viability - offspring never fully develop
Reduced hybrid fertility - offspring is sterile
Hybrid breakdown - Offspring of hybrid is low quality

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65
Q

What is a hybrid zone?

A

A region where hybrids have been produced

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66
Q

What is reproductive isolation?

A

Biological factors that impede two species from producing viable offspring hybrid

67
Q

What is the biological species content?

A

If two species can not interbreed in nature and produce viable offspring then they are different species

68
Q

What is the difference between punctuated and gradual equilibrium patterns of evolutionary rates?

A

Punctuated - happens fast in short bursts

Gradual - happens more slowly

69
Q

What is the cambrion explosion?

A

Earliest fossil appearance of many major groups of living animals

70
Q

What are the hypotheses for the cambrion explosion?

A

New predator-prey relationships
A rise in atmospheric oxygen
Evolution of the hox gene complex

71
Q

Why was RNA most likely the first genetic material?

A

RNA molecules called ribozymes catalyze many different reactions
Self replicate

72
Q

What did Oparin and Halbane do?

A

Described conditions of early earth

73
Q

What did Stanley Miller and Harold Urey do?

A

Conducted experiment to see if organic materials can be produced in early earth conditions

74
Q

What are protocells?

A

First cells

75
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

Increase rate of speciation from a common ancestor upon new environmental opportunities

76
Q

What are stramatolites?

A

Layers of sedimentary rock

77
Q

How did the cretaceous mass extinction occur?

A

Impact of a meteor

Half of marine species and many terrestrial species went extinct

78
Q

How did the Permian extinction occur?

A

96% of marine species went extinct

79
Q

What is the production of simple cells made by?

A

Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules (amino acids)
Joining of amino acids into macromolecules (proteins)
Packaging of molecules into protocell
Origin of self replication molecules

80
Q

List the taxonomic groups from broad to narrow

A 
Domain 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
81
Q

What is a monophyletic?

A

Shows ancestor species and all descendants

82
Q

What is paraphyletic?

A

Shows ancestor species and some, not all, descendants

83
Q

What is polyphyletic?

A

Shows various species that lack a common ancestor

Birds and mammals both warm blooded

84
Q

What is parsimounious?

A

Fewest evolutionary steps

85
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

Evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

86
Q

What is systematics?

A

Classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships
Uses fossils, molecular and genetic data

87
Q

What is a branching point?

A

Represents the divergence of two species

88
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A

Shows relationship between different species or groups

A hypothesis

89
Q

What are sister taxa?

A

Groups that share an immediate common ancestor

90
Q

What is homology?

A

Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestor

91
Q

What is analogy?

A

Similarity in characteristics resulting from convergent evolution

92
Q

What is cladistics?

A

Individuals or the study of conducting phylogenetic trees

93
Q

What is a clade?

A

A group or species that includes an ancestral species and all it’s descendants

94
Q

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

A

Gram positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer

Gram negative bacteria have two membrane layers and one smaller peptidoglycan layer

95
Q

What is a capsule?

A

A polysaccharide or protein layer that covers most prokaryotes
Used for attachment

96
Q

What is a fimbriae?

A

Allows bacteria to stick to other individuals

97
Q

What is a sex pili?

A

Longer than fimbriae

Used for DNA transfer

98
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

Smaller ring of DNA

99
Q

What is an endospore?

A

Metabollically inactive capsule which can remain viable in harsh conditions for centuries

100
Q

How do R plasmids confer antibiotic resistance on bacteria?

A

The R plasmids have gene countering the antibiotic so they can’t be killed

101
Q

What contributes to genetic diversity in prokaryotes?

A

Mutation
Rapid Reproduction
Genetic recombination

102
Q

What is transduction?`

A

Moving of genes between bacteria and bacteriaphage

103
Q

What is transformation?

A

Incorporates foreign DNA into it’s own

104
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Transfer of genetic material between bacteria cell via sex pili

105
Q

What are chemotrophs, autotrophs, heterotrophs, and phototophs?

A

Chemo - obtain energy from chemicals
Auto - require CO2 as a carbon source
Hetero - require other carbon sources
Photo - obtain energy from light

106
Q

What is mutualism?

A

Both organisms benefit

107
Q

What is commensalism?

A

One organism benefits, the other is neither harmed nor helped

108
Q

What is parasitism?

A

An organism called a parasite harms but doesn’t kill host

109
Q

What is an exotoxin?

A

cause disease even if the prokaryotes that produce them aren’t present

110
Q

What is an endotoxin?

A

Released only when the bacteria die and their cell walls break down

111
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia so other organisms can use it

112
Q

What are the three types of extremophiles?

A

Halophile - High salinity
Thermophile - High temperature
Methanogen - Produce methane

113
Q

Why is the kingdom protista no longer considered a legitimate taxon?

A

They do not all share a common ancestor

114
Q

What is a mixotroph?

A

An organism that is phototrophic and heterotrophic

115
Q

What are producers?

A

Organisms that use the sun/light for energy

They are a food source

116
Q

What is psuedopodia?

A

A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding

117
Q

What are tests?

A

Porous shells that exist on forams

118
Q

What is primary endosymbiosis?

A

A gram negative cyanobacterium is engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryote

119
Q

What is red tide?

A

Red tide occurs when dinoflagellate’s blooms appear to change the color of the water

120
Q

What is secondary endosymbiosis?

A

The organism in primary endosymbiosis diversifies into red and green algae
These are then engulfed by other eukaryotes

121
Q

List the five supergroups of Eukaryotes

A 
Unikonta
Chromalveolata
Rhizaria
Excavata
Archeaplastida
122
Q

Land plants are descended from this group

A

Green algae

123
Q

What are the four shared traits between charophytes and land plants?

A

Rings of cellulose synthesizing proteins
Formation of phragmoplast
Structure of flagellated sperm
Peroxisome enzymes

124
Q

What are the traits that appear in land plants and not algae?

A

Alteration of generation
Walled spores produced in sporongia
Apical meristems - active growing tip
Gametophytes that are male or female

125
Q

Why do most bryophytes grow close to the ground and restricted to moist enviornments

A

Don’t have a vascular system to transport nutrients

Sperm must travel by water

126
Q

What is an antheridia?

A

The male gametophyte in plants

127
Q

What is the archegonia?

A

The female gametophyte in plants

128
Q

What is alternation of generations?

A

A life cycle where there is both a haploid and diploid cell

129
Q

What are microphylls?

A

Leaves with a single vein

130
Q

What are megaphylls?

A

Leaves with a highly branched vascular system

131
Q

What are sporophylls?

A

Modified leaves with sporangia

132
Q

What is homosporous?

A

One structure produces both male and female gametophytes

133
Q

What is heterosporous?

A

Seperate structures produce male and female gametophytes

134
Q

What is xylem?

A

Vascular tissue of plants that transports water and minerals

135
Q

What is phloem?

A

Vascular tissue of plants that transports sugar and other organic nutrients

136
Q

What is an apical meristem?

A

The part in a plant where there is the most growth

Normally at end of root or tip of plan

137
Q

What is a sporangia?

A

An organ in where haploid cells develop

138
Q

What is sporopollenin?

A

A polymer that covers zygotes to prevent them from drying out

139
Q

What are the three traits that characterize vascular plants?

A

Life cycles with dominant sporophytes
Vascular tissues called xylem and phloem
Well developed roots and leaves

140
Q

What is the life cycle of a bryophyte?

A

Mature sporophyte
Spore
Male gametophyte Female Gametophyte
Antheridia Archegonia
Sperm Egg
Fertilization
Zygote

141
Q

What is the life cycle of a seedless vascular plant

A 
Mature sporophyte
                            Sorus
                            Sporangium
                             Spore
                        Gametophyte
Antheridium                          Archegonium
Sperm                                         Egg
                     Fertilization
                         Zygote
142
Q

What is a sporophyte and what is a gametophyte?

A

Sporophyte produces spores

Gametophyte produces gametes

143
Q

What is pollination?

A

When pollen is combined with an egg and undergoes fertilization

144
Q

What is a cotlyedon?

A

Leaves of a seed

145
Q

What is an endosperm?

A

The product of double pollination

Food supply for an embryo

146
Q

What are the four phyla of gymnosperms?

A

Cycadophyta
Ginkophyta
Gnetophyta
Coniferophyta

147
Q

What are dicots or Eudicots?

A

A plant that has two embryonic seed leaves

148
Q

What are monocots?

A

Plants that only have one embryonic seed leaf

149
Q

What are ovules?

A

Develop in the ovary of a seed plant

Contains the female gametophyte

150
Q

What is integument?

A

Layerof sporophyte tissue that contributes to the structure of an ovule

151
Q

Why is the evolution of pollen an important evolutionary step?

A

Pollen can travel farther and to non moist enviornements. They can also live for longer and in harsher conditions

152
Q

What is double fertilization?

A

Two sperm match with two eggs to form a zygote and endosperm

153
Q

What is the life cycle of an angiosperm

A

Mature sporophyte
Anther Ovary
Microsporangium Ovule
Microsporocytes Megasporangium
Microspore Megaspore
Male gametophyte Female Gametophyte
Sperm goes into Pollen tube Egg
Double Fertilization
Zygote
Seed

154
Q

What are the advantages of seeds to spores?

A

Wings
Seeds within berries
Barbs

155
Q

What is the life cycle of a pine?

A

Mature sporophyte
Pollen Cone Ovulate cone
Microsporangia Ovule
Microsporocytes Megasporangia
Megasporocyte
Microspore Megaspore
Pollen grains Female Gametophyte
Sperm goes into Pollen tube Egg
Fertilization
Zygote
Seed

156
Q

What are carpels?

A

Produce ovules

157
Q

What are stamens?

A

Produce pollen on their terminal anthers

158
Q

What are the petals?

A

Brightly colored and attract pollinators

159
Q

What are the sepals?

A

Enclose the flower

160
Q

What is the style?

A

The stalk of a flowers carpel

161
Q

What is the stigma?

A

Part of the carpel that receives pollen grain

162
Q

What is the life cycle of asexual reproduction for fungi?

A

Spores
Germination
Mycellium
Spore-producing structures

163
Q

What is the life cycle of sexual reproduction for fungi?

A 
Spoers
Germination
Mycellium
Plasmogamy
Heterokaryotic stage
Karyogamy
Zygote

Biology 141 (10 decks)

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