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Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the seven themes that connect biology?

A

New properties emerge at each level in biological hierarchy
Organisms interact with their environment
Life requires energy transfer and transformation
Structure and function are correlated
Cells are the basic unit of life
Continuity of life is based on DNA
Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems

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2
Q

What is discovery science?

A

Describes natural structures and processes

Based on observation and analysis of data

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3
Q

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?

A

Qualitative data is behaviors and observations

Quantitative data is a precise number

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4
Q

What is hypothesis based science?

A

Observations lead us to ask questions

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5
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Bacteria
Eukarya
Archaea

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6
Q

What are the three Eukarya kingdoms?

A

Plantae
Fungi
Animalia

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7
Q

What is the scientific method?

A 
Observation
Question
Form a hypothesis
Testing
Draw conclusions
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8
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The branch of biology that names and classifies species

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9
Q

What is a genome?

A

The entire set of alleles and traits in a species

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10
Q

What is inquiry?

A

The search for information and explanation

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11
Q

What is evolution?

A

The process that has transformed life on earth

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12
Q

What is biology?

A

The study of life

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13
Q

What is the difference between biotic and abiotic interactions?

A

Abiotic - interactions between nonliving

Biotic - interactions between living

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14
Q

What are emergent properties?

A

Each level has different properties

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15
Q

What is reductionism?

A

The reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study

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16
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

The more a product builds up, the process slows production

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17
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

The more a product builds up, the process speeds up production
Contractions with child birth

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18
Q

What did linnaeus do?

A

Created binomial nomenclature

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19
Q

What did Cuvier discover?

A

There are different organisms in different layers of rock

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20
Q

What did Lamarck propose?

A

Species evolve through use and disuse of body parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics
Changes that occur during life are passed to the next generation

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21
Q

What did Wallace do?

A

Independently came up with a similar theory of evolution by natural selection

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22
Q

What did lyell say?

A

Geological changes occur and are constant

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23
Q

What is decent with modification?

A

Changes from generation to generation

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24
Q

What were Darwin’s four big observations?

A

Members of a population often vary greatly in their traits
Traits are inheritable
All species can produce more offspring than the environment can support
Many offspring don’t survive due to lack of resources

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25
What were Darwin's two inferences?
Individuals with better traits survive and reproduce better | Better traits will be more common in an environment
26
What are the four evidences of evolution?
Direct observations of evolutionary change Fossil evidence Homology Biogeography
27
What do fossil records provide evidence of?
Extinction of species Origin of new species Changes within groups over time
28
What is paleontology?
The study of fossil animals and plants
29
What do eukaryotic cells contain that prokaryotic cells do not?
nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles
30
What are acquired characteristics?
Changes that occur during life are passed to the next generation
31
What is natural selection?
Better adapted organisms pass traits more readily
32
What is artifical selection?
Breed for specific individuals and traits
33
What are homologous structures?
Similar structures that have been modified for different purposes
34
What are vestigial structures?
Organs that use to serve a purpose but no longer do
35
What is pangea?
One large super continent that all the current continents existed as Separated by continental drift
36
What is bio-geography?
The geographic distribution of species
37
What are analogous structures?
Traits that share similar purpose with no shared ancestors
38
What is convergent evolution?
Evolution of similar or analogous features is distantly related groups
39
What are endemic species?
Species that are defined to a unique geographic region
40
What is the founder effect?
An example of genetic drift caused by separation of a small group to a different location
41
What is the bottleneck effect?
Reduction in population size due to environment change
42
What is genetic drift?
Describes how allele frequencies drift | Bottleneck and founder effect
43
What are the conditions for Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium?
``` No mutations Random mating No natural selection Extremely large population size No gene flow ```
44
What is the Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium?
allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant in the absence of other evolutionary influences
45
What is microevolution?
a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations
46
What is gene flow?
Movement of alleles among populations
47
What are discrete characters?
Either one choice or another | White or black
48
What are quantitative characters?
Proboscis length of bug
49
What is the locus?
Location of the gene on a chromosome
50
What is an allele?
Part of DNA that codes for something
51
What is sexual dimorphism?
Two genders looking different
52
What is sexual selection?
Natural selection for mating success
53
What is a gene pool?
Collection of all the alleles present in a population
54
What is macroevolution / speciation?
The origin of a news species
55
What is stabilizing selection?
The middle phenotypic range is favored
56
What is disruptive selection?
The extremes in the phenotypic range is favored
57
What is directional selection?
Favors individuals at one end of the phenotype range
58
What is needed in order to have variation?
Mutation and Meiosis
59
What is sympatric speciation?
Speciation takes place in geographically overlapping
60
What causes sympatric speciation?
Polyploidy - Haploid cells are diploid Habitat differentiation - different niches are being occupied Sexual selection - females look for different traits
61
What are the three possibilities of species that meet in a hybrid zone?
Strengthening of reproductive barriers - they get farther apart Weakening of reproductive barriers - two species fuse into one Continued formation of hybrid individuals - creates a stable hybrid zone
62
What is allopatric speciation?
Speciation caused by a population getting divided into 2 separate geographical locations
63
What are the prezygotic barriers?
Habitat isolation - environmental barriers Temporal isolation - times don't line up Behavioral isolation - rituals prevent mating Mechanical isolation - physically can't mate Gametic isolation - gametes don't recognize
64
What are the postzygotic barriers?
Reduced hybrid viability - offspring never fully develop Reduced hybrid fertility - offspring is sterile Hybrid breakdown - Offspring of hybrid is low quality
65
What is a hybrid zone?
A region where hybrids have been produced
66
What is reproductive isolation?
Biological factors that impede two species from producing viable offspring hybrid
67
What is the biological species content?
If two species can not interbreed in nature and produce viable offspring then they are different species
68
What is the difference between punctuated and gradual equilibrium patterns of evolutionary rates?
Punctuated - happens fast in short bursts | Gradual - happens more slowly
69
What is the cambrion explosion?
Earliest fossil appearance of many major groups of living animals
70
What are the hypotheses for the cambrion explosion?
New predator-prey relationships A rise in atmospheric oxygen Evolution of the hox gene complex
71
Why was RNA most likely the first genetic material?
RNA molecules called ribozymes catalyze many different reactions Self replicate
72
What did Oparin and Halbane do?
Described conditions of early earth
73
What did Stanley Miller and Harold Urey do?
Conducted experiment to see if organic materials can be produced in early earth conditions
74
What are protocells?
First cells
75
What is adaptive radiation?
Increase rate of speciation from a common ancestor upon new environmental opportunities
76
What are stramatolites?
Layers of sedimentary rock
77
How did the cretaceous mass extinction occur?
Impact of a meteor | Half of marine species and many terrestrial species went extinct
78
How did the Permian extinction occur?
96% of marine species went extinct
79
What is the production of simple cells made by?
Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules (amino acids) Joining of amino acids into macromolecules (proteins) Packaging of molecules into protocell Origin of self replication molecules
80
List the taxonomic groups from broad to narrow
``` Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species ```
81
What is a monophyletic?
Shows ancestor species and all descendants
82
What is paraphyletic?
Shows ancestor species and some, not all, descendants
83
What is polyphyletic?
Shows various species that lack a common ancestor | Birds and mammals both warm blooded
84
What is parsimounious?
Fewest evolutionary steps
85
What is phylogeny?
Evolutionary history of a species or group of related species
86
What is systematics?
Classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships Uses fossils, molecular and genetic data
87
What is a branching point?
Represents the divergence of two species
88
What is a phylogenetic tree?
Shows relationship between different species or groups | A hypothesis
89
What are sister taxa?
Groups that share an immediate common ancestor
90
What is homology?
Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestor
91
What is analogy?
Similarity in characteristics resulting from convergent evolution
92
What is cladistics?
Individuals or the study of conducting phylogenetic trees
93
What is a clade?
A group or species that includes an ancestral species and all it's descendants
94
What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?
Gram positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer | Gram negative bacteria have two membrane layers and one smaller peptidoglycan layer
95
What is a capsule?
A polysaccharide or protein layer that covers most prokaryotes Used for attachment
96
What is a fimbriae?
Allows bacteria to stick to other individuals
97
What is a sex pili?
Longer than fimbriae | Used for DNA transfer
98
What is a plasmid?
Smaller ring of DNA
99
What is an endospore?
Metabollically inactive capsule which can remain viable in harsh conditions for centuries
100
How do R plasmids confer antibiotic resistance on bacteria?
The R plasmids have gene countering the antibiotic so they can't be killed
101
What contributes to genetic diversity in prokaryotes?
Mutation Rapid Reproduction Genetic recombination
102
What is transduction?`
Moving of genes between bacteria and bacteriaphage
103
What is transformation?
Incorporates foreign DNA into it's own
104
What is conjugation?
Transfer of genetic material between bacteria cell via sex pili
105
What are chemotrophs, autotrophs, heterotrophs, and phototophs?
Chemo - obtain energy from chemicals Auto - require CO2 as a carbon source Hetero - require other carbon sources Photo - obtain energy from light
106
What is mutualism?
Both organisms benefit
107
What is commensalism?
One organism benefits, the other is neither harmed nor helped
108
What is parasitism?
An organism called a parasite harms but doesn't kill host
109
What is an exotoxin?
cause disease even if the prokaryotes that produce them aren't present
110
What is an endotoxin?
Released only when the bacteria die and their cell walls break down
111
What is nitrogen fixation?
Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia so other organisms can use it
112
What are the three types of extremophiles?
Halophile - High salinity Thermophile - High temperature Methanogen - Produce methane
113
Why is the kingdom protista no longer considered a legitimate taxon?
They do not all share a common ancestor
114
What is a mixotroph?
An organism that is phototrophic and heterotrophic
115
What are producers?
Organisms that use the sun/light for energy | They are a food source
116
What is psuedopodia?
A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding
117
What are tests?
Porous shells that exist on forams
118
What is primary endosymbiosis?
A gram negative cyanobacterium is engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryote
119
What is red tide?
Red tide occurs when dinoflagellate's blooms appear to change the color of the water
120
What is secondary endosymbiosis?
The organism in primary endosymbiosis diversifies into red and green algae These are then engulfed by other eukaryotes
121
List the five supergroups of Eukaryotes
``` Unikonta Chromalveolata Rhizaria Excavata Archeaplastida ```
122
Land plants are descended from this group
Green algae
123
What are the four shared traits between charophytes and land plants?
Rings of cellulose synthesizing proteins Formation of phragmoplast Structure of flagellated sperm Peroxisome enzymes
124
What are the traits that appear in land plants and not algae?
Alteration of generation Walled spores produced in sporongia Apical meristems - active growing tip Gametophytes that are male or female
125
Why do most bryophytes grow close to the ground and restricted to moist enviornments
Don't have a vascular system to transport nutrients | Sperm must travel by water
126
What is an antheridia?
The male gametophyte in plants
127
What is the archegonia?
The female gametophyte in plants
128
What is alternation of generations?
A life cycle where there is both a haploid and diploid cell
129
What are microphylls?
Leaves with a single vein
130
What are megaphylls?
Leaves with a highly branched vascular system
131
What are sporophylls?
Modified leaves with sporangia
132
What is homosporous?
One structure produces both male and female gametophytes
133
What is heterosporous?
Seperate structures produce male and female gametophytes
134
What is xylem?
Vascular tissue of plants that transports water and minerals
135
What is phloem?
Vascular tissue of plants that transports sugar and other organic nutrients
136
What is an apical meristem?
The part in a plant where there is the most growth | Normally at end of root or tip of plan
137
What is a sporangia?
An organ in where haploid cells develop
138
What is sporopollenin?
A polymer that covers zygotes to prevent them from drying out
139
What are the three traits that characterize vascular plants?
Life cycles with dominant sporophytes Vascular tissues called xylem and phloem Well developed roots and leaves
140
What is the life cycle of a bryophyte?
Mature sporophyte Spore Male gametophyte Female Gametophyte Antheridia Archegonia Sperm Egg Fertilization Zygote
141
What is the life cycle of a seedless vascular plant
``` Mature sporophyte Sorus Sporangium Spore Gametophyte Antheridium Archegonium Sperm Egg Fertilization Zygote ```
142
What is a sporophyte and what is a gametophyte?
Sporophyte produces spores | Gametophyte produces gametes
143
What is pollination?
When pollen is combined with an egg and undergoes fertilization
144
What is a cotlyedon?
Leaves of a seed
145
What is an endosperm?
The product of double pollination | Food supply for an embryo
146
What are the four phyla of gymnosperms?
Cycadophyta Ginkophyta Gnetophyta Coniferophyta
147
What are dicots or Eudicots?
A plant that has two embryonic seed leaves
148
What are monocots?
Plants that only have one embryonic seed leaf
149
What are ovules?
Develop in the ovary of a seed plant | Contains the female gametophyte
150
What is integument?
Layerof sporophyte tissue that contributes to the structure of an ovule
151
Why is the evolution of pollen an important evolutionary step?
Pollen can travel farther and to non moist enviornements. They can also live for longer and in harsher conditions
152
What is double fertilization?
Two sperm match with two eggs to form a zygote and endosperm
153
What is the life cycle of an angiosperm
Mature sporophyte Anther Ovary Microsporangium Ovule Microsporocytes Megasporangium Microspore Megaspore Male gametophyte Female Gametophyte Sperm goes into Pollen tube Egg Double Fertilization Zygote Seed
154
What are the advantages of seeds to spores?
Wings Seeds within berries Barbs
155
What is the life cycle of a pine?
Mature sporophyte Pollen Cone Ovulate cone Microsporangia Ovule Microsporocytes Megasporangia Megasporocyte Microspore Megaspore Pollen grains Female Gametophyte Sperm goes into Pollen tube Egg Fertilization Zygote Seed
156
What are carpels?
Produce ovules
157
What are stamens?
Produce pollen on their terminal anthers
158
What are the petals?
Brightly colored and attract pollinators
159
What are the sepals?
Enclose the flower
160
What is the style?
The stalk of a flowers carpel
161
What is the stigma?
Part of the carpel that receives pollen grain
162
What is the life cycle of asexual reproduction for fungi?
Spores Germination Mycellium Spore-producing structures
163
What is the life cycle of sexual reproduction for fungi?
``` Spoers Germination Mycellium Plasmogamy Heterokaryotic stage Karyogamy Zygote ```

Biology 141 (10 decks)

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