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Biology 141 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the life cycle of asexual reproduction for fungi?

A

Spores
Germination
Mycellium
Spore-producing structures

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2
Q

What is the life cycle of sexual reproduction for fungi?

A 
Spoers
Germination
Mycellium
Plasmogamy
Heterokaryotic stage
Karyogamy
Zygote
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3
Q

Why are fungus considered heterotrophs and how do they accomplish this?

A

Fungus are heterotrophs because they receive their carbon source from other organisms
They accomplish this by decomposition

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4
Q

What part of the body in fungi divide the hyphae into different cells?

A

Septa

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5
Q

What are hyphae?

A

Individual branches used by fungi to obtain nutrients

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6
Q

What are mycelia?

A

Network of hyphae that have adapted for absorption

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7
Q

What are specialized hyphae that can penetrate the tissue of host called?

A

Haustoria

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8
Q

What are septa?

A

Divides the hyphae into different cells, compartments

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9
Q

What are haustoria?

A

Specialized hyphae that can penetrate their host’s tissue

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10
Q

What are the five fungus groups?

A

Chytrids - flagellated spores (zoospores)
Zygomycetes - produce zygosporangia
Glameromycetes-form arbuscular mycorrhizae
Ascomycetes - Sac fungi
Basidiomycetes - Have basidium

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11
Q

What are basidium?

A

Clublike structures where karyogamy occurs

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12
Q

What is arbuscular mychorrhizae?

A

Penetrates host cell and forms hyphae inside

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13
Q

What are zygosporangia?

A

Metabolically inactive sporangia

Resistant to freezing and drying

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14
Q

What is the ecological importance of fungi?

A

Essential for breaking down organic material and recycling nutrients into the enviornment

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15
Q

What is a lichen and what are the three different types?

A

A lichen is a symbiotic relationship between fungus and photosynthetic microorganisms. Crustose (crusty), Foliose (leafy), Fructicose (shrubby).

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16
Q

What is a single celled fungi?

A

Yeasts

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17
Q

What are yeasts?

A

Single celled fungi

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18
Q

What is a network of highly branched hyphae called?

A

Mycelia

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19
Q

What is the difference between septate and coenocytic hyphae?

A

Septate hyphae contain septa while coenocytic hyphae do not contain septa

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20
Q

What is plasmogamy?

A

Union of two parent mycellium

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21
Q

What is a heterokaryon?

A

Two haploid nuclei exist in one mycellium but haven’t fused yet

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22
Q

What is karyogamy?

A

Fusion of two haploid cells to create a zygote

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23
Q

What are flagellated spores called?

A

Zoospores

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24
Q

What are zoospores?

A

Flagellated spores

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25
Q

What is the general term for a fungal infection in animals?

A

Mycosis

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26
Q

What is mycosis?

A

The general term for a fungal infection in animals

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27
Q

What are molds?

A

Fungi that produce haploid spores by mitosis and have visible mycelia

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28
Q

What is an ascocarp?

A

The fruiting body of the ascomycete

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29
Q

What is the fruiting body of the ascomycete called?

A

Ascocarp

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30
Q

What is arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi?

A

Fungi that extend their hyphae through the tissue of their symbiotic partner

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31
Q

What is ectomycorrhizae fungi?

A

Fungi that extend their hyphae over the root surface of their symbiotic partner

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32
Q

What are the five characteristics that define animals?

A 
Nutritional mode is heterotrophic
Multicellular
No cell wall
Bodies held together by collagen
Nervous tissue and muscular tissue unique to animals
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33
Q

What is the difference between diploblastic and triploblastic?

A

Diploblastic animals have two germ layers

Triploblastic animals have three germ layers

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34
Q

What is determinate cleavage?

A

Each cell has a determined fate that can not be changed

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35
Q

What is indeterminate cleavage?

A

Each cell can change what kind of cell they will become at early stage

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36
Q

What are the development features that protostomes posess?

A

Spiral and determinate cleavage
Coelom formed from mesoderm splitting
Blastopore becomes mouth

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37
Q

What are the development features that deuterosomes posess?

A

Radial and indeterminate cleavage
Coelom formed from mesoderm budding from archenteron wall
Blastopore becomes anus

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38
Q

What characteristics do all ecdysozoans share?

A

They secrete an external skeleton (exoskeleton)

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39
Q

What is metamorphosis?

A

A developmental transformation that changes an organism from larva stage to adult stage

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40
Q

What is a zygote?

A

The diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization
A fertilized egg

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41
Q

What is cleavage?

A

A type of mitotic cell division

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42
Q

What is a blastula?

A

A hollow ball of cells that marks the end of cleavage division

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43
Q

What is a blastocoel?

A

The hollow center of the blastula

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44
Q

What is a blastopore?

A

The opening in the blastula that forms during gasturlation and connects the archenteron to the exterior of the gastrula

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45
Q

What is a gastrula?

A

A stage in animal development in which the three germ layers are formed

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46
Q

What is cephalization?

A

Development of a head

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47
Q

What is a trochophore?

A

Free swimming larva

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48
Q

What is a lophophore?

A

A crown of ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth and function in feeding

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49
Q

What is ecdysis?

A

The process through which ecdysozoans shed their exoskeletons

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50
Q

What are eumatazoans?

A

Animals with true tissues

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51
Q

What is a coelom?

A

A body cavity lines by tissue derived from the mesoderm

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52
Q

What is radial cleavage?

A

Cleavage that lines the cells up in tiers having one above the other

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53
Q

What is spiral cleavage?

A

Cleavage that lines the cells up in tiers having the cells sit in the grooves of adjacent cells

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54
Q

What is the hox gene?

A

Regulates body from development

Allows for quick modification and complexity

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55
Q

What is the cambrion explosion?

A

Earliest fossil appearance of many major groups of living animals

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56
Q

What are the hypotheses for the cambrion explosion?

A

New predator-prey relationships
A rise in atmospheric oxygen
Evolution of the hox gene complex

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57
Q

Describe how a sponge feeds

A

Choanocytes create a current that pulls the water into the pores and out of the osculum. Nutrients from the water are trapped when they go through the pores

58
Q

What are the characteristics of the phylum cnidaria?

A

One opening for anus and mouth
Two body forms: medusa and polyp
Have cnidocytes and nemetocytes

59
Q

What are the four classes of cnidaria?

A

Hydrozoans - both polyp and medusa
Scyphozoans - Only medusa form
Cubazoans - Medusa is box shaped with complex eyes
Anthozoans - Occur only as polyps

60
Q

What are the four groups of lophotrochozoans?

A

Annelida - Worms
Mollusca -
Platyhelminthes - Flatworms
Rotifera - Rotifers

61
Q

What are the four classes of mollusca?

A

Polyplacophora - Chitans
Gastropods - Snails and slugs
Bivalves - Clasms, oysters, mussels and scallops
Cephalopods - Squids, octopus, nautalus and cuttlefish

62
Q

What are the three main body parts of mollusca?

A

Muscular foot
Visceral Mass - internal organs
Mantle - thin layer that secretes the shell

63
Q

What are the two classes of annelids?

A

Oligochaetes - Earthworms and leeches - have chaetes

Polychaetes - Have parapodia

64
Q

What are parapodia?

A

Paddle like extensions that work as gills and in locomotion

65
Q

What are chaetes?

A

Bristles made of chitin for movement

66
Q

What are the characteristics that distinguish nematoda from other wormlike animals?

A

Nematoda lack segmented bodies

Body covered by an exoskeleton

67
Q

What are the four major lineage of arthropod?

A 
Chelicerata - have chelicerae
Arachnids - book lungs and split into cephalothorax and abdomen
Myriapods - Have mandibles
Hexapoda - 
Crustacea
68
Q

What are chelicerae?

A

Clawlike feeding appendages

69
Q

What are Eurypterpids?

A

Extinct water scorpions that belonged to Chelicerata

70
Q

What are book lungs?

A

Openings that allow for gas exchange

71
Q

What are the two classes of Myriapods?

A

Diplopoda - millipedes

Chilopoda - Centipedes

72
Q

What are the six classes of echinoderms?

A

Asteroidea - Sea stars
Ophiuroidea - Brittle Stars
Echinoidea - Sea urchins and sand dollars
Crinoidea - Sea lillies and feather stars
Holothuroidea - Sea cucumbers

73
Q

What is torsion?

A

The animals anus and mantle are above the head

74
Q

What is hirudin?

A

Chemical in leeches that prevents blood from clotting

75
Q

What are nematocysts?

A

Organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread

76
Q

What are cnidocytes?

A

Cells on tentacles that function in defense and prey capture

77
Q

What are choanocytes?

A

Flagellated collar cells that cause current for feeding in sponges

78
Q

What are protonephridia?

A

Regulate osmotic balance

79
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

A

A type of asexual reproduction where females produce more females from unfertilized eggs

80
Q

What is a radula?

A

An organ that molluscs use to scrape up food and feed

81
Q

What is a cuticle?

A

The exoskeleton of arthropods and nematoads

82
Q

What are tube feet?

A

An extension of echinoderms that allow for locomotion and feeding

83
Q

What is a water vascular system?

A

A network of hydraulic canals in echinoderms that uses tube feet to move and feed

84
Q

What are the derived traits for chordates?

A

Notocord
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Pharyngeal slits of clefts
Post anal tail

85
Q

What are the derived traits for craniates?

A

Chordates with head (A skull, Brain, Eyes and other sensory organs)
Neural crest
Pharyngeal clefts evolve into gill slits

86
Q

What is a neural crest?

A

Collection of cells that appear near the dorsal margins of the closing neural tube in an embryo

87
Q

What are the derived traits of vertebrates?

A

Craniates with a backbone

Fins stiffened by ray fins

88
Q

What are the derived traits of gnathostomes?

A

Vertebrates with jaws

Lateral line system - organs that are sensitive to vibrations in the water

89
Q

What are the derived traits of tertrapods?

A

Gnathostomes with limbs
Four limbs and feet with digits
Ears for detecting airborne sound

90
Q

What are the derived traits of Amniotes?

A

Tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg

Amniotic egg

91
Q

What are the derived traits of mammals?

A

Hair
Produce milk
Large Brain
Differentiated teeth

92
Q

Most fungi have cell walls composed of what?

A

Chitin

93
Q

What group of fungi has zoospores?

A

Chytrids

94
Q

The photosynthetic symbiont of a lichen is often what?

A

A green alga

95
Q

At what developmental stage can you first distinguish between a protostome and a deuterostome?

A

Cleavage

96
Q

What are acoelomates characterized by?

A

A solid body without a cavity surrounding the internal organs

97
Q

What group of cnidarians alternate between polyp and medusa form?

A

Hydrozoa

98
Q

Which group of fungi produce flagellated spores?

A

Chytrids

99
Q

What phylum do sac fungi belong to?

A

Ascomycota

100
Q

What are the three lichen types and How do you describe them?

A

Fruticose - shrublike
Foliose - leaflike
Crustose - Encrusting

101
Q

The typical white bottom mushroom is in which phylum?

A

Basidiomycota

102
Q

What are single celled fungi also called?

A

Yeasts

103
Q

What are networks of branched hyphae called?

A

Mycelia

104
Q

What organisms are the most related to animals?

A

Choanoflagellates

105
Q

An adult animal that possesses bilateral symmetry is also what?

A

Triploblastic

106
Q

When does the blastopore first become evident?

A

Gastrulation

107
Q

What class in the phylum cnidaria occur only as polyps?

A

Anthozoa

108
Q

What phylum are flatworms in?

A

Platyhelminthes

109
Q

Which group of animals are also called bryozoans?

A

Ectoprocts

110
Q

Which phylum is characterized by animals that have a segmented body?

A

Anthropoda

111
Q

Which group of animals use a water vascular system?

A

Echinodermata

112
Q

What group are cuttlefish in?

A

Mollusca

113
Q

Two thirds of known species of animals belong to what group?

A

Arthropoda

114
Q

What group are ticks under?

A

Aracnids

115
Q

What group are horseshoe crabs under?

A

Chelicerata

116
Q

What are the derived traits of birds?

A

Small Gonads
One Ovary
Lack of Urinary blatter
Hollow bones

117
Q

What is the significance of the Archeopteryx?

A

Oldest known bird with flight feathers

118
Q

What are pharyngeal slits/clefts?

A

Slits in pharynx that develop into slits

119
Q

What are the functions of pharyngeal slits/clefts?

A

Suspension feeding
Gas exchange in vertebrates
Develop into parts of ear, head and neck in tetrapods

120
Q

What is a notocord?

A

Flexible rod located between the digestive tube and nerve cord that provides skeletal support in chordates

121
Q

What are chondrichthyes?

A

Sharks and rays
Skeleton composed of cartilage
Evolved from boney fish

122
Q

What is oviparous?

A

Egg hatches outside of the mother’s body

123
Q

What is ovoviparous?

A

Embryo develops within uterus and is nourished by egg yolk

124
Q

What is viviparous?

A

Gives birth live, nourished in mother’s uterus

125
Q

What are placoderms?

A

Earliest gnathostomes

Plates on skin

126
Q

What are osteichthyes?

A

Includes bony fish and tetrapods
Bony endoskeleton
Have and operculum and swim bladder

127
Q

What is an operculum?

A

Covering that goes over the gills

128
Q

What is a swim bladder?

A

Organ in the class osteichythyes that helps control buoyancy

129
Q

What is a cloaca?

A

Chamber that reproductive tract, excretory tract and urinary tract empty into

130
Q

What is a tunicate?

A

A type of Urochordata

131
Q

What is a neural crest?

A

A collection of cells that appear in embryos that become a variety of structures such as skin, skull, teeth and neurons

132
Q

What is a conodont?

A

First vertebrate with mineralized elements in their mouth and pharynx

133
Q

What are the three lineages of Sacropterygii?

A

Coelacanths
Lungfish
Tetrapods

134
Q

What are lobe fin fish?

A 
Animals in the class Sacropterygii
Have muscular pelvic and pectoral fins
135
Q

What are ray fin fish?

A 
Animals in the class Actinopterygii
Fins are supported by long flexible rays
136
Q

What is ecothermic?

A

Absorbs external heat as main source of body heat

137
Q

What is endothermic?

A

Capable of keeping bodies warm through metabolism

138
Q

What are the three skull characteristics?

A

Anapsids - only eye orbit (turtles)
Synapsids - Eye orbit and temporal fenestrae (mammals)
Diapsids - Eye orbit and two temporal fenestrae

139
Q

What is a marsupial?

A

Embryo develops with a placenta in the mother’s uterus

Has a pouch called a marsupium

140
Q

What is a eutherians?

A

Placental mammals

Complete embryonic development

141
Q

What are the extraembryonic membranes in a amniotic egg?

A

Amnion
Charion
Yolk sac
Allantois

142
Q

What are the three orders in the class amphibia?

A

Uradela - salamders
Anura - Frogs and toads
Apoda - caecilians

Biology 141 (10 decks)

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