Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 141 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

(142 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the life cycle of asexual reproduction for fungi?

A

Spores
Germination
Mycellium
Spore-producing structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the life cycle of sexual reproduction for fungi?

A 
Spoers
Germination
Mycellium
Plasmogamy
Heterokaryotic stage
Karyogamy
Zygote
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why are fungus considered heterotrophs and how do they accomplish this?

A

Fungus are heterotrophs because they receive their carbon source from other organisms
They accomplish this by decomposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What part of the body in fungi divide the hyphae into different cells?

A

Septa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are hyphae?

A

Individual branches used by fungi to obtain nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are mycelia?

A

Network of hyphae that have adapted for absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are specialized hyphae that can penetrate the tissue of host called?

A

Haustoria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are septa?

A

Divides the hyphae into different cells, compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are haustoria?

A

Specialized hyphae that can penetrate their host’s tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the five fungus groups?

A

Chytrids - flagellated spores (zoospores)
Zygomycetes - produce zygosporangia
Glameromycetes-form arbuscular mycorrhizae
Ascomycetes - Sac fungi
Basidiomycetes - Have basidium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are basidium?

A

Clublike structures where karyogamy occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is arbuscular mychorrhizae?

A

Penetrates host cell and forms hyphae inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are zygosporangia?

A

Metabolically inactive sporangia

Resistant to freezing and drying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the ecological importance of fungi?

A

Essential for breaking down organic material and recycling nutrients into the enviornment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a lichen and what are the three different types?

A

A lichen is a symbiotic relationship between fungus and photosynthetic microorganisms. Crustose (crusty), Foliose (leafy), Fructicose (shrubby).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a single celled fungi?

A

Yeasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are yeasts?

A

Single celled fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a network of highly branched hyphae called?

A

Mycelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the difference between septate and coenocytic hyphae?

A

Septate hyphae contain septa while coenocytic hyphae do not contain septa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is plasmogamy?

A

Union of two parent mycellium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a heterokaryon?

A

Two haploid nuclei exist in one mycellium but haven’t fused yet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is karyogamy?

A

Fusion of two haploid cells to create a zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are flagellated spores called?

A

Zoospores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are zoospores?

A

Flagellated spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the general term for a fungal infection in animals?
Mycosis
26
What is mycosis?
The general term for a fungal infection in animals
27
What are molds?
Fungi that produce haploid spores by mitosis and have visible mycelia
28
What is an ascocarp?
The fruiting body of the ascomycete
29
What is the fruiting body of the ascomycete called?
Ascocarp
30
What is arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi?
Fungi that extend their hyphae through the tissue of their symbiotic partner
31
What is ectomycorrhizae fungi?
Fungi that extend their hyphae over the root surface of their symbiotic partner
32
What are the five characteristics that define animals?
``` Nutritional mode is heterotrophic Multicellular No cell wall Bodies held together by collagen Nervous tissue and muscular tissue unique to animals ```
33
What is the difference between diploblastic and triploblastic?
Diploblastic animals have two germ layers | Triploblastic animals have three germ layers
34
What is determinate cleavage?
Each cell has a determined fate that can not be changed
35
What is indeterminate cleavage?
Each cell can change what kind of cell they will become at early stage
36
What are the development features that protostomes posess?
Spiral and determinate cleavage Coelom formed from mesoderm splitting Blastopore becomes mouth
37
What are the development features that deuterosomes posess?
Radial and indeterminate cleavage Coelom formed from mesoderm budding from archenteron wall Blastopore becomes anus
38
What characteristics do all ecdysozoans share?
They secrete an external skeleton (exoskeleton)
39
What is metamorphosis?
A developmental transformation that changes an organism from larva stage to adult stage
40
What is a zygote?
The diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization A fertilized egg
41
What is cleavage?
A type of mitotic cell division
42
What is a blastula?
A hollow ball of cells that marks the end of cleavage division
43
What is a blastocoel?
The hollow center of the blastula
44
What is a blastopore?
The opening in the blastula that forms during gasturlation and connects the archenteron to the exterior of the gastrula
45
What is a gastrula?
A stage in animal development in which the three germ layers are formed
46
What is cephalization?
Development of a head
47
What is a trochophore?
Free swimming larva
48
What is a lophophore?
A crown of ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth and function in feeding
49
What is ecdysis?
The process through which ecdysozoans shed their exoskeletons
50
What are eumatazoans?
Animals with true tissues
51
What is a coelom?
A body cavity lines by tissue derived from the mesoderm
52
What is radial cleavage?
Cleavage that lines the cells up in tiers having one above the other
53
What is spiral cleavage?
Cleavage that lines the cells up in tiers having the cells sit in the grooves of adjacent cells
54
What is the hox gene?
Regulates body from development | Allows for quick modification and complexity
55
What is the cambrion explosion?
Earliest fossil appearance of many major groups of living animals
56
What are the hypotheses for the cambrion explosion?
New predator-prey relationships A rise in atmospheric oxygen Evolution of the hox gene complex
57
Describe how a sponge feeds
Choanocytes create a current that pulls the water into the pores and out of the osculum. Nutrients from the water are trapped when they go through the pores
58
What are the characteristics of the phylum cnidaria?
One opening for anus and mouth Two body forms: medusa and polyp Have cnidocytes and nemetocytes
59
What are the four classes of cnidaria?
Hydrozoans - both polyp and medusa Scyphozoans - Only medusa form Cubazoans - Medusa is box shaped with complex eyes Anthozoans - Occur only as polyps
60
What are the four groups of lophotrochozoans?
Annelida - Worms Mollusca - Platyhelminthes - Flatworms Rotifera - Rotifers
61
What are the four classes of mollusca?
Polyplacophora - Chitans Gastropods - Snails and slugs Bivalves - Clasms, oysters, mussels and scallops Cephalopods - Squids, octopus, nautalus and cuttlefish
62
What are the three main body parts of mollusca?
Muscular foot Visceral Mass - internal organs Mantle - thin layer that secretes the shell
63
What are the two classes of annelids?
Oligochaetes - Earthworms and leeches - have chaetes | Polychaetes - Have parapodia
64
What are parapodia?
Paddle like extensions that work as gills and in locomotion
65
What are chaetes?
Bristles made of chitin for movement
66
What are the characteristics that distinguish nematoda from other wormlike animals?
Nematoda lack segmented bodies | Body covered by an exoskeleton
67
What are the four major lineage of arthropod?
``` Chelicerata - have chelicerae Arachnids - book lungs and split into cephalothorax and abdomen Myriapods - Have mandibles Hexapoda - Crustacea ```
68
What are chelicerae?
Clawlike feeding appendages
69
What are Eurypterpids?
Extinct water scorpions that belonged to Chelicerata
70
What are book lungs?
Openings that allow for gas exchange
71
What are the two classes of Myriapods?
Diplopoda - millipedes | Chilopoda - Centipedes
72
What are the six classes of echinoderms?
Asteroidea - Sea stars Ophiuroidea - Brittle Stars Echinoidea - Sea urchins and sand dollars Crinoidea - Sea lillies and feather stars Holothuroidea - Sea cucumbers
73
What is torsion?
The animals anus and mantle are above the head
74
What is hirudin?
Chemical in leeches that prevents blood from clotting
75
What are nematocysts?
Organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread
76
What are cnidocytes?
Cells on tentacles that function in defense and prey capture
77
What are choanocytes?
Flagellated collar cells that cause current for feeding in sponges
78
What are protonephridia?
Regulate osmotic balance
79
What is parthenogenesis?
A type of asexual reproduction where females produce more females from unfertilized eggs
80
What is a radula?
An organ that molluscs use to scrape up food and feed
81
What is a cuticle?
The exoskeleton of arthropods and nematoads
82
What are tube feet?
An extension of echinoderms that allow for locomotion and feeding
83
What is a water vascular system?
A network of hydraulic canals in echinoderms that uses tube feet to move and feed
84
What are the derived traits for chordates?
Notocord Dorsal hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal slits of clefts Post anal tail
85
What are the derived traits for craniates?
Chordates with head (A skull, Brain, Eyes and other sensory organs) Neural crest Pharyngeal clefts evolve into gill slits
86
What is a neural crest?
Collection of cells that appear near the dorsal margins of the closing neural tube in an embryo
87
What are the derived traits of vertebrates?
Craniates with a backbone | Fins stiffened by ray fins
88
What are the derived traits of gnathostomes?
Vertebrates with jaws | Lateral line system - organs that are sensitive to vibrations in the water
89
What are the derived traits of tertrapods?
Gnathostomes with limbs Four limbs and feet with digits Ears for detecting airborne sound
90
What are the derived traits of Amniotes?
Tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg | Amniotic egg
91
What are the derived traits of mammals?
Hair Produce milk Large Brain Differentiated teeth
92
Most fungi have cell walls composed of what?
Chitin
93
What group of fungi has zoospores?
Chytrids
94
The photosynthetic symbiont of a lichen is often what?
A green alga
95
At what developmental stage can you first distinguish between a protostome and a deuterostome?
Cleavage
96
What are acoelomates characterized by?
A solid body without a cavity surrounding the internal organs
97
What group of cnidarians alternate between polyp and medusa form?
Hydrozoa
98
Which group of fungi produce flagellated spores?
Chytrids
99
What phylum do sac fungi belong to?
Ascomycota
100
What are the three lichen types and How do you describe them?
Fruticose - shrublike Foliose - leaflike Crustose - Encrusting
101
The typical white bottom mushroom is in which phylum?
Basidiomycota
102
What are single celled fungi also called?
Yeasts
103
What are networks of branched hyphae called?
Mycelia
104
What organisms are the most related to animals?
Choanoflagellates
105
An adult animal that possesses bilateral symmetry is also what?
Triploblastic
106
When does the blastopore first become evident?
Gastrulation
107
What class in the phylum cnidaria occur only as polyps?
Anthozoa
108
What phylum are flatworms in?
Platyhelminthes
109
Which group of animals are also called bryozoans?
Ectoprocts
110
Which phylum is characterized by animals that have a segmented body?
Anthropoda
111
Which group of animals use a water vascular system?
Echinodermata
112
What group are cuttlefish in?
Mollusca
113
Two thirds of known species of animals belong to what group?
Arthropoda
114
What group are ticks under?
Aracnids
115
What group are horseshoe crabs under?
Chelicerata
116
What are the derived traits of birds?
Small Gonads One Ovary Lack of Urinary blatter Hollow bones
117
What is the significance of the Archeopteryx?
Oldest known bird with flight feathers
118
What are pharyngeal slits/clefts?
Slits in pharynx that develop into slits
119
What are the functions of pharyngeal slits/clefts?
Suspension feeding Gas exchange in vertebrates Develop into parts of ear, head and neck in tetrapods
120
What is a notocord?
Flexible rod located between the digestive tube and nerve cord that provides skeletal support in chordates
121
What are chondrichthyes?
Sharks and rays Skeleton composed of cartilage Evolved from boney fish
122
What is oviparous?
Egg hatches outside of the mother's body
123
What is ovoviparous?
Embryo develops within uterus and is nourished by egg yolk
124
What is viviparous?
Gives birth live, nourished in mother's uterus
125
What are placoderms?
Earliest gnathostomes | Plates on skin
126
What are osteichthyes?
Includes bony fish and tetrapods Bony endoskeleton Have and operculum and swim bladder
127
What is an operculum?
Covering that goes over the gills
128
What is a swim bladder?
Organ in the class osteichythyes that helps control buoyancy
129
What is a cloaca?
Chamber that reproductive tract, excretory tract and urinary tract empty into
130
What is a tunicate?
A type of Urochordata
131
What is a neural crest?
A collection of cells that appear in embryos that become a variety of structures such as skin, skull, teeth and neurons
132
What is a conodont?
First vertebrate with mineralized elements in their mouth and pharynx
133
What are the three lineages of Sacropterygii?
Coelacanths Lungfish Tetrapods
134
What are lobe fin fish?
``` Animals in the class Sacropterygii Have muscular pelvic and pectoral fins ```
135
What are ray fin fish?
``` Animals in the class Actinopterygii Fins are supported by long flexible rays ```
136
What is ecothermic?
Absorbs external heat as main source of body heat
137
What is endothermic?
Capable of keeping bodies warm through metabolism
138
What are the three skull characteristics?
Anapsids - only eye orbit (turtles) Synapsids - Eye orbit and temporal fenestrae (mammals) Diapsids - Eye orbit and two temporal fenestrae
139
What is a marsupial?
Embryo develops with a placenta in the mother's uterus | Has a pouch called a marsupium
140
What is a eutherians?
Placental mammals | Complete embryonic development
141
What are the extraembryonic membranes in a amniotic egg?
Amnion Charion Yolk sac Allantois
142
What are the three orders in the class amphibia?
Uradela - salamders Anura - Frogs and toads Apoda - caecilians

Biology 141 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions