Exam 2 Flashcards by Billy Mainwaring

What prokaryote can live at a pH of 0.03?

Picrophilus ashimae

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What prokaryote can survive at a 3k times the fatal dose to humans?

Deinococcus radiodurans

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What are the three shapes of prokaryotic cells?

Sphere(cocci)
Rod (bacilli)
Spirals

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What are the external structures of prokaryotic cells?

Cell wall
Capsule
Fimbrae
Sex pili
Flagella

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What is the purpose of a cell wall?

Maintains cell shape
Physical protection
Prevents bursting

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What is the cell wall made of?

Bacteria - peptidoglycon

Eukaryote - cellulose or chictan

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What is a capsule?

A polysaccharide or protein layer that covers the cell

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What is a fimbriae?

Allows bacteria to stick to other individuals

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What is a sex pili?

A longer fimbriae that allows for DNA transfer

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What is taxis?

The ability to move toward or away from a stimulus

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What are plasmids?

Smaller rings of DNA

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What are endospores?

Metabollically inactive capsules which can remain viable in harsh conditions for centuries

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What are the factors to genetic diversity?

Rapid reproduction
Mutation
Genetic recombination

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What are the two types of genetic recombination and what occurs in them?

Transformation - incorporates foreign DNA into their own

Transduction - bacteriophage insert DNA into bacteria

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What is conjugation?

Transfer of genetic material between bacteria cells via sex pili

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What is nitrogen fixation and why is it important?

Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia

All organisms depended on other organisms that could do this

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What are the three types of metabolisms and what are they?

Obligate anaerobes - need oxygen
Obligate anaerobes - poisoned by oxygen and anaerobic respiration
Faculitative anaerobes - survive with or whithout oxygen

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What are the three types of extremophiles?

Extreme halophiles - high salinity
Extreme thermophiles - hot enviornments
Methanogens - produce methane

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Which structure plays a direct role in permitting bacteria to adhere to each other or to another surface?

Fimbrae

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What uses light as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source?

Photoautotrophs

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The plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes in protists such as dinoflagellates and euglenids are evidence of what?

Secondary endosymbiosis

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What are rhizarians?

Move and feed by pseudopodia and have porous shells called tests

What are brown algae?

Most complex multicellular anatomy of all algae

What are apicomplexans?

Parasites of animals and some cause serious human disease

What are diplomonads?

Protists with modified mitochondria

The process of conjugation occurs in what group of protists?

Ciliates

Slimolds belong to what supergroup?

Unikonta

What is common between both charophytes and land plants?

Phragmoplast formation Structure of flagellated sperm Similar peroxisome enzymes Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins

What is the functional role of sporopollenin?

Prevents exposed zygotes from drying out

What is a land plant that has flagellated speem and a sporophyte-dominated life cycle?

Fern

During what period were dorests dominated by large, seedless vascular plants?

Carboniferous

What is the sequence of structures that develop after germination?

Gametophyte Gametes Embryo Sporophyte

What is a characteristic of all angiosperms?

Double internal fertilization

What are common characteristics between gymnosperms and angiosperms?

Seeds Pollen Vascular tissue Ovules

Where is a megasporangium found in an angiosperm?

Within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower

What is an endotoxin?

A toxic componet that is released from the membrane of the bacteria when it dies

What are mixotrophs?

An organism that is phototrophic for energy source and heterotrophic for carbon source

What are producers?

Organisms that use the sun light for energy

What is apical meristem?

The part of growth in a plant where there is the most cell division(growth) Either at the end of a root or the top of a plant

What is a homosporous?

A plant/organism that has both male and female gameptypes | Produces egg and sperm

What are antheridia?

Male gameophyte that produces sperm

What is pollination?

When pollin is combined with an egg and undergoes fertilization

What is endosperm?

The one product of double pollination | Food supply for an embryo

What is cotyledon?

Leaves of a seed

What are the two constraints that keep bryophytes from growing tall and restricted to moist envioronments?

They are nonvascular- must stay close to ground to move nutrients The require moist environments for reproduction/fertilization

List the four disinct land plant characteristics

Alternation of generations Walled spores Apical meristem Gametophytes that are male/female

What is apical meristem?

Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and buds of shoots Division allows for plant growth

List the four phyla of gymnosperms

Cycadophyta Ginkophyta Gnetophyta Coniferophyta

Why is the evolution of pollen important?

Pollen can travel much greater distances Can survive for longer and in more harsh conditions Allowed for plants to reproduce in dry environments and spread farther

What is antheridia?

Male sporophyte | Produces sperm

What is mutualism?

Both organisms benefit

What is symbiosis?

An ecological relationship in which twospecies live in close contact

What are the different types of symbiosis?

Mutualism - both benefit Commensalism - one organism benefits while the other is neither harmed nor helped Parasitism - a parasite harms the host

What is a pathogen?

A parasite that causes disease