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Biology 141 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

What prokaryote can live at a pH of 0.03?

A

Picrophilus ashimae

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1
Q

What prokaryote can survive at a 3k times the fatal dose to humans?

A

Deinococcus radiodurans

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2
Q

What are the three shapes of prokaryotic cells?

A

Sphere(cocci)
Rod (bacilli)
Spirals

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3
Q

What are the external structures of prokaryotic cells?

A 
Cell wall
Capsule
Fimbrae
Sex pili
Flagella
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4
Q

What is the purpose of a cell wall?

A

Maintains cell shape
Physical protection
Prevents bursting

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5
Q

What is the cell wall made of?

A

Bacteria - peptidoglycon

Eukaryote - cellulose or chictan

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6
Q

What is a capsule?

A

A polysaccharide or protein layer that covers the cell

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7
Q

What is a fimbriae?

A

Allows bacteria to stick to other individuals

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8
Q

What is a sex pili?

A

A longer fimbriae that allows for DNA transfer

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9
Q

What is taxis?

A

The ability to move toward or away from a stimulus

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10
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Smaller rings of DNA

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11
Q

What are endospores?

A

Metabollically inactive capsules which can remain viable in harsh conditions for centuries

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12
Q

What are the factors to genetic diversity?

A

Rapid reproduction
Mutation
Genetic recombination

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13
Q

What are the two types of genetic recombination and what occurs in them?

A

Transformation - incorporates foreign DNA into their own

Transduction - bacteriophage insert DNA into bacteria

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14
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Transfer of genetic material between bacteria cells via sex pili

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15
Q

What is nitrogen fixation and why is it important?

A

Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia

All organisms depended on other organisms that could do this

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16
Q

What are the three types of metabolisms and what are they?

A

Obligate anaerobes - need oxygen
Obligate anaerobes - poisoned by oxygen and anaerobic respiration
Faculitative anaerobes - survive with or whithout oxygen

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17
Q

What are the three types of extremophiles?

A

Extreme halophiles - high salinity
Extreme thermophiles - hot enviornments
Methanogens - produce methane

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18
Q

Which structure plays a direct role in permitting bacteria to adhere to each other or to another surface?

A

Fimbrae

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19
Q

What uses light as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source?

A

Photoautotrophs

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20
Q

The plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes in protists such as dinoflagellates and euglenids are evidence of what?

A

Secondary endosymbiosis

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21
Q

What are rhizarians?

A

Move and feed by pseudopodia and have porous shells called tests

22
Q

What are brown algae?

A

Most complex multicellular anatomy of all algae

23
Q

What are apicomplexans?

A

Parasites of animals and some cause serious human disease

24
Q

What are diplomonads?

A

Protists with modified mitochondria

25
Q

The process of conjugation occurs in what group of protists?

A

Ciliates

26
Q

Slimolds belong to what supergroup?

A

Unikonta

27
Q

What is common between both charophytes and land plants?

A

Phragmoplast formation
Structure of flagellated sperm
Similar peroxisome enzymes
Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins

28
Q

What is the functional role of sporopollenin?

A

Prevents exposed zygotes from drying out

29
Q

What is a land plant that has flagellated speem and a sporophyte-dominated life cycle?

A

Fern

30
Q

During what period were dorests dominated by large, seedless vascular plants?

A

Carboniferous

31
Q

What is the sequence of structures that develop after germination?

A

Gametophyte
Gametes
Embryo
Sporophyte

32
Q

What is a characteristic of all angiosperms?

A

Double internal fertilization

33
Q

What are common characteristics between gymnosperms and angiosperms?

A

Seeds
Pollen
Vascular tissue
Ovules

34
Q

Where is a megasporangium found in an angiosperm?

A

Within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower

35
Q

What is an endotoxin?

A

A toxic componet that is released from the membrane of the bacteria when it dies

36
Q

What are mixotrophs?

A

An organism that is phototrophic for energy source and heterotrophic for carbon source

37
Q

What are producers?

A

Organisms that use the sun light for energy

38
Q

What is apical meristem?

A

The part of growth in a plant where there is the most cell division(growth)
Either at the end of a root or the top of a plant

39
Q

What is a homosporous?

A

A plant/organism that has both male and female gameptypes

Produces egg and sperm

40
Q

What are antheridia?

A

Male gameophyte that produces sperm

41
Q

What is pollination?

A

When pollin is combined with an egg and undergoes fertilization

42
Q

What is endosperm?

A

The one product of double pollination

Food supply for an embryo

43
Q

What is cotyledon?

A

Leaves of a seed

44
Q

What are the two constraints that keep bryophytes from growing tall and restricted to moist envioronments?

A

They are nonvascular- must stay close to ground to move nutrients
The require moist environments for reproduction/fertilization

45
Q

List the four disinct land plant characteristics

A

Alternation of generations
Walled spores
Apical meristem
Gametophytes that are male/female

46
Q

What is apical meristem?

A

Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and buds of shoots
Division allows for plant growth

47
Q

List the four phyla of gymnosperms

A

Cycadophyta
Ginkophyta
Gnetophyta
Coniferophyta

48
Q

Why is the evolution of pollen important?

A

Pollen can travel much greater distances
Can survive for longer and in more harsh conditions
Allowed for plants to reproduce in dry environments and spread farther

49
Q

What is antheridia?

A

Male sporophyte

Produces sperm

50
Q

What is mutualism?

A

Both organisms benefit

51
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

An ecological relationship in which twospecies live in close contact

52
Q

What are the different types of symbiosis?

A

Mutualism - both benefit
Commensalism - one organism benefits while the other is neither harmed nor helped
Parasitism - a parasite harms the host

53
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A parasite that causes disease

Biology 141 (10 decks)

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