new

Question 1

antibiotics that cause c diff?

Answer 1

clindamycin
co amoxiclav
cephalexin
ciprofloxacin

Question 2

how does HUS present

Answer 2

abdominal pain
fever
pallor
oliguria

Question 3

c diff - what kind of bacteria?

Answer 3

gram positive bacillus

Question 4

what is the toxin you look for in c diff?

Answer 4

toxin A/B

Question 5

what antibody test do you use in c diff?

Answer 5

ELISA

Question 6

what is merkels rule of 2?

Answer 6

2 inches long
in 2 percent of the population
found 2 foot from the ilioceacal junction

Question 7

what is merkels diverticulum?

Answer 7

diverticulum of terminal ileum

Question 8

what is the management of merkels divericulm

Answer 8

radio nucleotide scan T99

surgical excision

Question 9

thumb printing on barium swallow?

Answer 9

mucosal wall thickening - bowel ischaemia

Question 10

what might be high in bowel ischaemia?

Answer 10

high lactate

Question 11

most common area for bowel ischamia?

Answer 11

splenic flexure

Question 12

what do you get in bowel ischaemia on sigmoidoscopy and biopsy?

Answer 12

withering crypts

Question 13

what is microscopic colitis?

Answer 13

where the rectal mucosa looks normal but the biopsy shows abnormalities

Question 14

name of surgical procedure in hiatus hernia?

Answer 14

nissan fundoplication

Question 15

two types o microscopic colitis?

Answer 15

collagenous and lymphocytic

Question 16

first investigation for colitis?

Answer 16

sigmoidosopy

2nd line is colonoscopy

Question 17

what is angiiodysplasia?

Answer 17

arteriovenous malformations in the colon

Question 18

where do they usually develop?

Answer 18

right side of the colon

Question 19

diagnosis and management of colonic polyps?

Answer 19

colonoscopy and polypectomy

Question 20

name of the tumour suppressor gene which mutations can lead to colon cancer?

Answer 20

APC

Question 21

the two genetic conditions which pre dispose to colon cancer?

Answer 21

FAP

HNPCC

Question 22

which one of FAP and HNPCC pre disposes to other forms of cancer?

Answer 22

HNPCC
colon
ovarian
endometrial

Question 23

where does colon cancer spread?

Answer 23

liver, lung, bone

Question 24

whats the name of the new test used to detect haemoglobin?

Answer 24

FIT instead of FOBT

Question 25

what age of people are offered screening for bowel cancer?

Answer 25

50-74

Question 26

difference in staging for colon cancer in rectum and colon?

Answer 26

colon is CT, while rectum is MRI

Question 27

what can be used to monitor response to treatment ?

Answer 27

CEA

Question 28

surgical procedure for sigmoid cancer

Answer 28

sigmoid cholectomy

Question 29

low sigmoid/ high rectum ?

Answer 29

anterior resection

Question 30

Rectal

Answer 30

Trans anal endoscopic microsurgery. Abdomino perineal resection

Question 31

who should chemo be offered to following surgery?

Answer 31

all Dukes stage C and above

Question 32

what reduces local recurrence in rectal cancer?

Answer 32

radiotherapy

Question 33

what can be used in stage 4 colonic disease or metastatic disease?

Answer 33

cetuximab

Question 34

what chemo is offered in colon cancer?

Answer 34

5FU and oxaliplatin

Question 35

in woman with IBS symptoms - what should you bear in mind?

Answer 35

ovarian cancer - have a low threshold for suspicion

Question 36

in IBD, inflammation starts in rectum. what is this called?

Answer 36

proctatitis

Question 37

In UC, where does the inflammation not go beyond?

Answer 37

ilio caecal valve

Question 38

what kind of inflammation do you get in UC?

Answer 38

superficial, affecting only the mucosa and submucosa

Question 39

histological changes?

Answer 39

acute crepitis ad crypt abcesses

Question 40

what is pentasa?

Answer 40

5 ASA

Question 41

non caveating granuloma?

Answer 41

crohns

Question 42

what kind of inflammation do you get?

Answer 42

Deep, transmural inflammation that can cause fissures and gives the mucosa a cobblestone appearance

Question 43

what drug can you use in UC but not in crohns?

Answer 43

mesalazine

Question 44

where is vitamin b12 absorbed/

Answer 44

ileum (bileum) | in crohns that affects terminal ileum, can get anaemia and b12 deficiency

Question 45

what is the immunosuppressant that is used in IBD?

Answer 45

infliximab

Question 46

what is th standard investigation of haemorrhoids?

Answer 46

proctoscopy

Question 47

symptoms of haemorrhoids?

Answer 47

itch, pain, bleeding

Question 48

when would someone with symptoms of haemorrhoids get a sigmoidoscopy?

Answer 48

if over 50

Question 49

what bulking agents can you use in haemarrhoids?

Answer 49

fybogel

Question 50

treatment for grades 1-3

Answer 50

injection sclerotherapy | band ligation

Question 51

treatment of grade 4 haemarrhoids?

Answer 51

open or stapled heamorrhoidectomy

Question 52

passing glass on defamation?

Answer 52

fissure

Question 53

management of fissures?

Answer 53

``` stool softeners (laxido) GTN/diltizem ointment botox injections ```

Question 54

opening up of fistula to allow drainage and healing?

Answer 54

fistulotomy

Question 55

if anal sphincter is involved, what do you insert to allow drainage and healing of the access from inside out?

Answer 55

seton drain

Question 56

management of rectal prolapse?

Answer 56

surgery

Question 57

name of procedure for rectal prolapse

Answer 57

rectoplexy

Question 58

what is worms treated with?

Answer 58

mebendazole (whole family)

Question 59

what cancer do you get in the anal canal

Answer 59

SCC

Question 60

anal cancer more common in what kind of patients

Answer 60

HIV and syphillis

Question 61

if anal cancer above pectate line where does it spread? | if below pectate line?

Answer 61

above spreads to pelvic nodes | below spreads to inguinal

Question 62

management of anal cancer?

Answer 62

chemo/radiotherapy