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General Surgery > new > Flashcards

new Flashcards

1
Q

antibiotics that cause c diff?

A

clindamycin
co amoxiclav
cephalexin
ciprofloxacin

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2
Q

how does HUS present

A

abdominal pain
fever
pallor
oliguria

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3
Q

c diff - what kind of bacteria?

A

gram positive bacillus

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4
Q

what is the toxin you look for in c diff?

A

toxin A/B

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5
Q

what antibody test do you use in c diff?

A

ELISA

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6
Q

what is merkels rule of 2?

A

2 inches long
in 2 percent of the population
found 2 foot from the ilioceacal junction

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7
Q

what is merkels diverticulum?

A

diverticulum of terminal ileum

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8
Q

what is the management of merkels divericulm

A

radio nucleotide scan T99

surgical excision

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9
Q

thumb printing on barium swallow?

A

mucosal wall thickening - bowel ischaemia

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10
Q

what might be high in bowel ischaemia?

A

high lactate

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11
Q

most common area for bowel ischamia?

A

splenic flexure

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12
Q

what do you get in bowel ischaemia on sigmoidoscopy and biopsy?

A

withering crypts

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13
Q

what is microscopic colitis?

A

where the rectal mucosa looks normal but the biopsy shows abnormalities

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14
Q

name of surgical procedure in hiatus hernia?

A

nissan fundoplication

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15
Q

two types o microscopic colitis?

A

collagenous and lymphocytic

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16
Q

first investigation for colitis?

A

sigmoidosopy

2nd line is colonoscopy

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17
Q

what is angiiodysplasia?

A

arteriovenous malformations in the colon

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18
Q

where do they usually develop?

A

right side of the colon

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19
Q

diagnosis and management of colonic polyps?

A

colonoscopy and polypectomy

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20
Q

name of the tumour suppressor gene which mutations can lead to colon cancer?

A

APC

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21
Q

the two genetic conditions which pre dispose to colon cancer?

A

FAP

HNPCC

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22
Q

which one of FAP and HNPCC pre disposes to other forms of cancer?

A

HNPCC
colon
ovarian
endometrial

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23
Q

where does colon cancer spread?

A

liver, lung, bone

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24
Q

whats the name of the new test used to detect haemoglobin?

A

FIT instead of FOBT

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25
Q

what age of people are offered screening for bowel cancer?

A

50-74

26
Q

difference in staging for colon cancer in rectum and colon?

A

colon is CT, while rectum is MRI

27
Q

what can be used to monitor response to treatment ?

A

CEA

28
Q

surgical procedure for sigmoid cancer

A

sigmoid cholectomy

29
Q

low sigmoid/ high rectum ?

A

anterior resection

30
Q

Rectal

A

Trans anal endoscopic microsurgery. Abdomino perineal resection

31
Q

who should chemo be offered to following surgery?

A

all Dukes stage C and above

32
Q

what reduces local recurrence in rectal cancer?

A

radiotherapy

33
Q

what can be used in stage 4 colonic disease or metastatic disease?

A

cetuximab

34
Q

what chemo is offered in colon cancer?

A

5FU and oxaliplatin

35
Q

in woman with IBS symptoms - what should you bear in mind?

A

ovarian cancer - have a low threshold for suspicion

36
Q

in IBD, inflammation starts in rectum. what is this called?

A

proctatitis

37
Q

In UC, where does the inflammation not go beyond?

A

ilio caecal valve

38
Q

what kind of inflammation do you get in UC?

A

superficial, affecting only the mucosa and submucosa

39
Q

histological changes?

A

acute crepitis ad crypt abcesses

40
Q

what is pentasa?

A

5 ASA

41
Q

non caveating granuloma?

A

crohns

42
Q

what kind of inflammation do you get?

A

Deep, transmural inflammation that can cause fissures and gives the mucosa a cobblestone appearance

43
Q

what drug can you use in UC but not in crohns?

A

mesalazine

44
Q

where is vitamin b12 absorbed/

A

ileum (bileum)

in crohns that affects terminal ileum, can get anaemia and b12 deficiency

45
Q

what is the immunosuppressant that is used in IBD?

A

infliximab

46
Q

what is th standard investigation of haemorrhoids?

A

proctoscopy

47
Q

symptoms of haemorrhoids?

A

itch, pain, bleeding

48
Q

when would someone with symptoms of haemorrhoids get a sigmoidoscopy?

A

if over 50

49
Q

what bulking agents can you use in haemarrhoids?

A

fybogel

50
Q

treatment for grades 1-3

A

injection sclerotherapy

band ligation

51
Q

treatment of grade 4 haemarrhoids?

A

open or stapled heamorrhoidectomy

52
Q

passing glass on defamation?

A

fissure

53
Q

management of fissures?

A 
stool softeners (laxido) 
GTN/diltizem ointment 
botox injections
54
Q

opening up of fistula to allow drainage and healing?

A

fistulotomy

55
Q

if anal sphincter is involved, what do you insert to allow drainage and healing of the access from inside out?

A

seton drain

56
Q

management of rectal prolapse?

A

surgery

57
Q

name of procedure for rectal prolapse

A

rectoplexy

58
Q

what is worms treated with?

A

mebendazole (whole family)

59
Q

what cancer do you get in the anal canal

A

SCC

60
Q

anal cancer more common in what kind of patients

A

HIV and syphillis

61
Q

if anal cancer above pectate line where does it spread?

if below pectate line?

A

above spreads to pelvic nodes

below spreads to inguinal

62
Q

management of anal cancer?

A

chemo/radiotherapy

General Surgery (26 decks)

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