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General Surgery > general surgery > Flashcards

general surgery Flashcards

1
Q

what is atelectasis?

A

total/partial collapse of the lung

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2
Q

whats an ileus?

A

lack of movement that leads to a buildup or blockage

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3
Q

where is mcburneys point?

A

1/3 of way between asis and umbilicus

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4
Q

what nerve damage can you get during appendicectomy ?

A

ilioinguinal

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5
Q

why do you get air under the diaphragm in an erect cxr?

A

perforation and air gets out of organs

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6
Q

what is the mesentery?

A

tissue that attach intestines to abdominal wall

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7
Q

AF with abdominal pain =

A

mesenteric ischaemia

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8
Q

diagnostic ?

A

mesenteric angiogram

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9
Q

what is an ileus?

A

adynamic bowel due to absence of normal peristalsis

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10
Q

if wind is still being passed, what kind of obstruction is this?

A

incomplete

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11
Q

vomitus of semi digested food with no bile?

A

gastric outlet obstruction

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12
Q

small bowel obstruction ?

A

more acute - onset over hours - severe ado pain with copious amounts of bile stained vomit
minimal distension

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13
Q

large bowel obstruction, onset of symptoms?

A

more insidious

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14
Q

how does large bowel obstruction present?

A

abdominal colic with obvious distension

later onset of minimal/faecal vomit

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15
Q

absolute obstruction indicates?

A

more distal obstruction

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16
Q

coffee bean sign on x ray

A

sigmoid volvulus (localised tenderness on right or left iliac fossa)

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17
Q

absent bowel sounds =

A

ileus

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18
Q

you get no passage of ? with complete obstruction ?

A

faeces or wind

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19
Q

what is an incarcerated adhesion?

A

stuck down by adhesions

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20
Q

how would a strangulated hernia present?

A

acute abdomen

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21
Q

surgical management of hernias?

A

open repair

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22
Q

superior and medial to pubic tubercle?

A

inguinal

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23
Q

scrotal mass that you are unable to get above?

A

indirect inguinal

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24
Q

what is at higher risk of strangulation, direct or indirect?

A

indirect

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25
Q

management of indirect hernia in boy under 1

A

urgent surgery

26
Q

what direction does an inguinal hernia point?

A

towards groin

27
Q

femoral points towards?

A

leg

28
Q

who gets femoral hernias and how do you fix them?

A

females
need fixed with surgery
they can strangulate

29
Q

main purpose of GGT?

A

to confirm raised ALP is hepatic in nature

30
Q

what is GGT used to monitor?

A

alcoholic liver disease

31
Q

why does coagulation give best immediate measure of functional capacity of liver?

A

clotting factors have a short half life

32
Q

why does albumin give a more intermediate measure of liver function ?

A

the half life is about 20 days, so its more likely to go down later

33
Q

when would you get low albumin, high protein ?

A

myeloma

34
Q

when do you get low albumin and low protein?

A 
alcoholism 
cirrhosis 
protein malnutrition 
chronic inflammation 
nephrotic syndrome
35
Q

Hep A - who gets this

A

children and travellers

36
Q

how is hep A spread

A

faecal oral route

37
Q

what is hep a associated with ?

A

children
travellers
poor hygiene

38
Q

what antibody in hep a is indicative of present and past infection

A

present igm

past igg

39
Q

management of hep A

A

supportive care (help out)

40
Q

is hep B a DNA or RNA infection

A

DNA

41
Q

how is hep b spread

A

blood
sexual
mother to child

42
Q

what marker has to be raised for 6 months for chronic infection

A

hbsag

43
Q

the two types of chronic hep b infection

A

inactive (have it but dormant)

active (viral load high and have it)

44
Q

what is hbsag

A

surface antigen

45
Q

what marker indicates current acute infection

A

hbesag

46
Q

what marker shows you’re immune or have had a vaccination ?

A

HBs

47
Q

what is the DNA load like in acute infection ?

A

very high

48
Q

is there a vaccination for hep b

A

yes

49
Q

what can you give in hep b

A

peg interferon or anti virals

50
Q

hep c - rna or dna infection

A

rna

51
Q

how can you get it

A

unprotected sex
blood contact
transfusion and needle sharing

52
Q

what are they symptoms of hep c usually like

A

mild symptoms then liver failure

53
Q

which antibodies are associated with PSC?

A

ANA, pANCA, anti smooth muscle

54
Q

onion skinning fibrosis?

A

PSC

55
Q

what do you need to monitor for in PSC?

A

cholangiocarcinoma and colorectal cancer if related to UC

56
Q

treatment of wilsons disease?

A

penicillamine

57
Q

what do people with wilsons need to avoid?

A

foods high in copper

58
Q

cancer of the biliary tree?

A

cholangiocarcinoma

59
Q

by far the biggest cause of liver cancer?

A

mets

60
Q

encephalopathy develops as a result of ?

A

ammonia not being broken down into ammonium in the liver

General Surgery (26 decks)

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