Neurvous System VIII

Question 1

Where and what is reticular formation?

Answer 1

Extends throughout brainstem
- small clusters of nuclei interspersed among tracts (ascending + descending)

Question 2

Roles of reticular formation?

Answer 2

• consciousness, arousal, attention and alertness
• inactivated during sleep, damage can induce coma
• projects/filters sensory info to cortex
• minor: regulated muscle tone, assists in HR, BP, Resp rate.

Question 3

What is cerebellum?

Answer 3

Second largest brain structure
Two cerebellar hemispheres
1/2 neurons in brain

Question 4

Role of cerebellum?

Answer 4

• processes sensory info related to movement
• coordinated execution of movement (no errors and smooth)
• regulate posture and balance (vestibular)
• sends feedback signals to motor areas of cerebral cortex, via connections to thalamus and pons (aids in the proper movement)

Question 5

Where is the diencephalon?

Answer 5

• between brain stem and cerebrum

Question 6

What are two primary neural structures of the diencephalon?

Answer 6

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 7

What are the two endocrine hormone secreting structures of diencephalon?

Answer 7

Pineal gland and pituitary gland (anterior and posterior)

Question 8

What is main role of the thalamus?

Answer 8

Relay center
- receives sensory info from optic tract, ears, spinal cord and motor info from cerebellum and projects info to cerebrum for processing

Question 9

What is role of pineal gland?

Answer 9

Cyclically releases melatonin involved in circadian rhythm and sleep/wake

Question 10

What is main role of hypothalamus

Answer 10

Center for homeostasis
- influences autonomic and endocrine function

Question 11

Homeostasis functions of hypothalamus?

Answer 11

1. Maintain blood glucose concentrations
2. Body temperature
3. Controls body osmolarity
4. Controls reproductive functioning
5. Control food intake (full or hungry)

Question 12

What is the pituitary?

Answer 12

Main hormonal output of hypothalamus

Question 13

What is posterior and anterior pituitary made up of?

Answer 13

Posterior= neural tissue (extension of brain tissue)
Anterior= endocrine tissue (epithelial cells)

Question 14

What is role of posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)?

Answer 14

Extension of brain that secretes neurohormones made in hypothalamus

Question 15

What is main role of anterior pituitary?

Answer 15

Complicated neuronal network involved in hormone secretion
- control growth, metabolism, and reproduction

Question 16

What is the cerebrum?

Answer 16

Largest and most distinctive part of brain
- area of high processing, “seat of intelligence”

Question 17

What does gray matter of cerebrum include

Answer 17

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system (unmyelinated

Question 18

What is white matter of cerebrum?

Answer 18

Tracts
Ascending: sensory
Descending: motor tracts connecting regions of cerebrum to pass info

Question 19

What are 2 hemispheres of cerebrum divided into?

Answer 19

4 lobes, frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Question 20

What connects two hemispheres of cerebrum?

Answer 20

Corpus callous
- massive # of tracts run between

Question 21

What are three nuclei of basal ganglia (nuclei)?

Answer 21

Globus pallidus, putamen, caudate nucleus

Question 22

What are role of basal ganglia (nuclei)?

Answer 22

Major job: regulating initiation and termination of movement
Receives input from cerebral cortex and provides output to motor portions of cortex

Question 23

What are 3 major components of the limbic system?

Answer 23

Cingulate gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus

Question 24

What is role of hippocampus

Answer 24

Involved in learning and memory

Question 25

What is role of limbic system

Answer 25

“Emotional brain” Role in range of emotions, including pain, pleasure, docility, affection, anger Also role in learning and memory

Question 26

What is cerebral cortex

Answer 26

Outermost layer of cerebrum Integrating center of CNS

Question 27

What are the indentations and outfoldings of cerebral cortex

Answer 27

Sulci and gyri

Question 28

What are 3 functional specializations of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 28

1. Sensory areas (translate sensory input into perception) 2. Motor areas (direct movement) 3. Association areas (integrate info from sensory and motor area, help direct voluntary behaviours)

Question 29

What are areas of frontal lobe

Answer 29

Primary motor cortex and pre motor cortex Skeletal muscle movement

Question 30

What are areas of parietal lobe

Answer 30

Primary somatic sensory cortex and sensory association area

Question 31

What are areas of occipital lobe

Answer 31

Visual association area and visual cortex

Question 32

What are areas of temporal lobe

Answer 32

Auditory cortex and auditory association area

Question 33

What is the gustatory cortex for

Answer 33

Taste

Question 34

Wha is the olfactory cortex for

Answer 34

Smell

Question 35

What is cerebral lateralization (dominance)?

Answer 35

- distribution of functional areas in two hemispheres is not symmetrical - left hand will be right hemisphere dominant and vice versa

Question 36

What is in left hemisphere?

Answer 36

Speech, language, writing, comprehension, analysis, calculations

Question 37

What is in right hemisphere?

Answer 37

Creativity, spatial ability, imagination

Question 38

What are conscious special senses?

Answer 38

Vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium

Question 39

What are conscious somatic senses (in skin + muscles)?

Answer 39

Touch, temperature, pain, itch, proprioception

Question 40

What are subconscious somatic stimuli?

Answer 40

Muscle length and tension, proprioception

Question 41

What are subconscious visceral stimuli?

Answer 41

- BP, distension of gastrointestinal tract, blood glucose, body temp, osmolarity of body fluids, lung inflation, etc.

Question 42

What are sensory systems?

Answer 42

Sensory neuron with transducer (receptor), that converts a physical stimulus into an intracellular signal (change in membrane potential) - through opening or closing gated channels

Question 43

What are simple receptors

Answer 43

One peripheral axon that ends in free nerve endings - pain/itch/temperature

Question 44

What are complex neural receptors

Answer 44

Nerve endings enclosed in connective tissue capsules Touch/proprioception

Question 45

What are special senses receptors

Answer 45

Release neurotransmitter onto sensory neurons initiating AP Special senses (except olfactory) - non-neurons cell

Question 46

What are sensory receptors

Answer 46

Gated channel or metabotropic receptors responsible for converting some physical stimulus to cellular response

Question 47

Types of sensory receptors

Answer 47

Chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, thermoreceptors

Question 48

What is physical stimuli transduced into

Answer 48

Receptor potentials (graded potentials) and if reach threshold induce action potentials