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Bmsc 207 > CV VI > Flashcards

CV VI Flashcards

1
Q

How can we tell difference between capillaries and venules

A

Capillaries begin to converge

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2
Q

What is the volume reservoir

A

Veins
Very distensable, can add significant volume without adding pressure

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3
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Formation of new blood vessels

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4
Q

When is microcirculation not constant

A

Wound healing, endurance training, inflammation, tumour growth, endometrium during menstrual cycle

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5
Q

What drives angiogenesis

A

Angiogenic growth factors (pro-mitotic) activate receptors on endothelial cells

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6
Q

How does angiogenesis work after endothelial cells are activated

A
  1. Acted cells produces proteases that degrade basal lamina so it moves from parent vessel
  2. Cells proliferate into surrounding matrix and grow sprouts toward stimulus
  3. Sprouts form loops to become full-fledged vessel lumen
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7
Q

How is angiogenesis a part of progression of cancer

A

Progresses from small, localized neoplasms to larger, growing and potentially metastatic tumours

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8
Q

How is angiogenesis a possible treatment option for CV diseases

A

Instead of artificial vessel, speed up growth of natural ones to bypass damage

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9
Q

What is blood pressure

A

Ventricles creating enough force to propel blood through the CV system

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10
Q

What does ventricular contraction cause

A

Semilunar valves open
Blood ejected
Aorta and arteries expand and store pressure in elastic walls

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11
Q

What does ventricular relaxation do

A

Semilunar valve shuts
Preventing flow back
Elastic recoil of arteries send blood forward into rest of circulatory system
Elastic recoil allows blood to continually move

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12
Q

What sustains driving pressure during ventricular diastole

A

Aorta and large arteries

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13
Q

Where is pressure the highest

A

Aorta and decreases throughout the circuit

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14
Q

When is aortic pressure the highest and lowest

A

Highest during ventricular contraction (systole)
Systolic pressure (120mmHg)
Lowest during ventricular relaxation (diastole)
Diastolic pressure (80mmHg)

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15
Q

What is pulse pressure

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
In aorta: 120mmHg - 80mmHg
= 40mmHg
Normally only exists on arterial side

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16
Q

Where is pressure measured

A

In a major artery (brachial) as reflection of ventricle (driving pressure)

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17
Q

Why do we look at a single value of arterial blood pressure

A

Mean arterial blood pressure as driving pressure
- because pressure is pulsatile

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18
Q

Why is mean arterial pressure not an average

A

Because equal amounts of time are not spent in systole and diastole

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19
Q

Cardiac cycle time

A

~ 800ms
250ms ventricular systole
550ms ventricular diastole

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20
Q

What is the MAP equation

A

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 (pulse pressure)
= 80mmHg + 1/3 (120 - 80mmHg)
= 93 mmHg

21
Q

Hypotension

A

BP falls too low (<90/60)
Can cause driving force for blood flow to be inadequate to overcome opposition of gravity

22
Q

Hypertension

A

BP is chronically elevated (>140/90)
High pressure on vessel walls can cause them to weaken or even rupture and leak

23
Q

What can rupture or leak of vessel in brain do

A

Cerebral hemorrhage
Cause loss of neurological function, stroke

24
Q

How is blood pressure estimated

A

Sphygmomanometry
Blood pressure cuff

25
Q

Elevated BP

A

120-129/<80

26
Q

High BP (hypertension) stage 1

A

130-139/80-89

27
Q

High BP (hypertension) stage 2

A

140 or higher/ 90 or higher

28
Q

Hypertensive crisis

A

Higher than 180/ higher than 120
Consult doctor

29
Q

What is driving force for blood flow

A

Mean arterial blood pressure
Balance between blood flow into arteries and blood flow out

30
Q

What is mean arterial pressure proportional to

A

Cardiac output x peripheral resistance

31
Q

What happens if cardiac output increases and peripheral resistance does not change

A

Blood pumped into arteries faster than removed
Increase volume in arteries (blood will pool)= increase in arterial BP

32
Q

If Cardiac output stays the same and peripheral resistance increases what happens

A

Blood will pool in large arteries

33
Q

What are cases of hypertensions due to

A

Increased peripheral changes without changes in cardiac output

34
Q

What are 2 most important factors influencing arterial BP

A

Cardiac output and peripheral resistance

35
Q

What are two other factors influencing arterial BP

A

Blood volume and relative distribution of blood between arterial and venous blood vessels

36
Q

How much of total blood volume do arteries contain

A

~11%

37
Q

How much of circulating blood volume do veins contain

A

~60%

38
Q

What do veins do if blood needs to shift to arterial side

A

Constrict

39
Q

What are small changes in blood volume caused by

A

Ingestion or food or liquids
Primarily resolved by kidneys

40
Q

What do decreases in blood volume require

A

Integrated response from kidney, CV system (increase sympathetic output), ingestion of fluid

41
Q

What does changes in blood volume affect

A

Blood pressure

42
Q

Where is resistance highest

A

Arterioles

43
Q

Why do arterioles have highest resistance

A

Not only depends on radius of each vessel but also how vessels are arranged
Arterioles are in series and encounter resistance at each series

44
Q

How much does resistance in arterioles contribute to total resistance in CV system

A

> 60%

45
Q

What is arteriolar resistance influenced by

A

Local control and systemic control mechanisms that alter vascular smooth muscle changing radius of vessels

46
Q

What is local control of arteriolar resistance

A
  • matches tissue blood flow to the metabolic needs of tissue
  • in heart and skeletal, local takes precedence over reflex control
47
Q

What are sympathetic reflexes

A

Mediated by CNS maintain mean arterial pressure for homeostatic needs

48
Q

How do hormones influence arteriolar resistance

A

Regulate salt and water excretion, influence BP by acting directly on arterioles

Bmsc 207 (35 decks)

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