Blood 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are WBC’s

A

Leukocytes

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2
Q

What do WBC’s do

A

Defend against infection

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3
Q

How are WBC’s grouped

A
  1. Granulocytes
  2. Non-granule containing lymphocytes and monocytes
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4
Q

Granulocytes

A

Contain cytoplasmic granules
Brief lifespan <12 hours in blood
If activated can migrate into tissues for longer time

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5
Q

Types of Granulocytes

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

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6
Q

Neutrophil

A

Most abundant
Granules with lysosomal enzymes capable of digesting foreign material (phagocytosis)

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7
Q

Eosinophil

A

Granules contain major basic protein which is toxic to parasites and other enzymes
- response to virus’ and allergic reactions

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8
Q

Basophil

A

Least common, granules contain histamine, heparin and peroxidase
- allergic reactions

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9
Q

Types of non granule WBC’s

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

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10
Q

Monocytes

A

Life in peripheral tissue developing macrophages

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11
Q

What are 2 purposes of macrophages

A

Phagocytosis of pathogens and cellular debris
Present antigens to lymphocytes

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12
Q

Types of lymphocytes

A

T cells
B cells

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13
Q

T cells

A

70-80% of lymphocytes responsible for cell mediated immunities, not involving antibodies

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14
Q

B cells

A

Responsible for humoral immunity, make antibodies to antigens

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15
Q

What are platelets

A

Nucleus free fragments of megakaryocytes, 2-3um in inactive state
10 day life span

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16
Q

A single megakaryocyte can produce how many platelets

A

Thousands

17
Q

How many platelets for 1ul of blood

A

150-400 000 platelets

18
Q

What special types of granules do platelets contain when activated

A

Dense core granules
Alpha-granules

19
Q

What are platelets essential in

A

Hemostasis

20
Q

Hemostasis

A

Prevention of hemorrhage (bleeding) from damaged vessel

21
Q

What are 3 steps of hemostasis

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Coagulation
22
Q

Three parts of coagulation

A

Intrinsic pathway
Extrinsic pathway
Common pathway

23
Q

Intrinsic pathway

A

Surface contact pathway
- factor XII activated when contacting exposed collagen, activated platelets
- final product it factor Xa

24
Q

Extrinsic pathway

A

Cell injury pathway
- factor VII leaves vessel and binds to tissue factor receptor and become activated factor VIIa
- final product is factor Xa

25
Q

Common pathway

A

Factor Xa from intrinsic and extrinsic is used to create thrombin
Converts fibrinogen to stable fibrin clot

26
Q

Hemophilia

A

Factors in coagulation cascade is defective or lacking
- bruise easily, spontaneous bleeding
- bleeding in joints and muscles can be painful and disabling

27
Q

Hemophilia A

A

Factor VIII deficiency
80% cases

28
Q

Hemophilia B

A

Factor IX deficiency

29
Q

What is hemophilia treated with

A

Synthetic factors

30
Q

Anticoagulant factors

A

To much coagulation (thrombus can form: stroke, heart attack, pulmonary embolism)
- endothelial cels produce variety of anticoagulant factors that interfere with clotting cascade

31
Q

What prevents platelet binding

A

Prostacyclin and nitric oxide

32
Q

Fibrinolysis (final stage of hemostasis)

A

Breakdown of blood clots

33
Q

What happens during fibrinolysis

A

Conversion of plasminogen to plasmin
Plasmin breaks down stable fibrin as well as fibrinogen