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Bmsc 207 > Nervous System X > Flashcards

Nervous System X Flashcards

1
Q

What systems maintain homeostasis?

A

Autonomic nervous system works closely with endocrine system and behavioural systems

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2
Q

What initiates autonomic, endocrine, and behavioural responses?

A

Hypothalamus, pons, and medulla

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3
Q

What do autonomic pathways consist of?

A

Two neurons, preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neurons (both efferent), outside CNS that synapse in an autonomic ganglion

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4
Q

What is divergence in autonomic pathways?

A

1 preganglionic neuron will synapse with 8 or 9 postganglionic neurons

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5
Q

Where do sympathetic branches originate?

A
  • ganglia found in two ganglion chains running along side vertebral column (paravertebral)
  • preganglionic: thoracic and lumbar regions
  • short preganglionic, long postganglionic
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6
Q

Where do parasympathetic branches originate?

A
  • ganglia located on or near target organs
  • preganglionic: in brainstem and exit via cranial nerves OR from sacral region of spinal cord
  • long preganglionic, short postganglionic
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7
Q

What contains 75% of all parasympathetic neurons?

A

Cranial nerve X (vagus)

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8
Q

What do all preganglionic neurons contain?

A

Acetylcholine
Soma of postganglionic has nicotine ACh receptors

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9
Q

What chemical signals do sympathetic pathways use?

A

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine
- postganglionic releases norepinephrine to target tissue with adrenergic receptors

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10
Q

What chemical signals parasympathetic pathways use?

A

Acetylcholine
- released from preganglionic to postganglionic to target tissues with muscarinic receptor

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11
Q

What kind of receptors are nicotinic

A

Ionotropic
Ligand gated ion channels

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12
Q

What kind of receptors are adrenergic and muscarinic

A

Metabotropic

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13
Q

What are exceptions for sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons?

A
  • some sympathetic are choligernic (ACh)
  • some autonomic are non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic
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14
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Catecholamines

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15
Q

What is a second pathway for the sympathetic NS

A

Adrenal medulla
Preganglionic go to adrenal gland to medulla to synapse on chromaffin cells and release epinephrine instance of synapsing on postganglionic

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16
Q

What is the adrenal medulla

A

Specialized neuroendocrine structure associated with sympathetic NS
- modified sympathetic ganglion
- contain chromaffin cells (modified postganglionic neurons)

17
Q

What are 2 regions of adrenal medulla

A

Adrenal cortex (true endocrine gland, epithelial origin)
Adrenal medulla is modified sympathetic region (neuroendocrine tissue)

18
Q

What does chromaffin cell release

A

Epinephrine is released to blood to bind adrenergic receptors

19
Q

What is the neuron synapsing with target tissue called

A

Neuroeffector junction

20
Q

What do autonomic varicosities do?

A

Release neurotransmitter over surface of target cell to diffuse to receptors

21
Q

What can be synthesized in varicosities and recycled?

A

Primary neurotransmitter, acetylcholine and norepinephrine

22
Q

What enzyme breaks down NE in the varicosities?

A

Monoamine oxidase

23
Q

What enzyme breaks acetylcholine into choline and acetylcholine CoA

A

Acetylcholinesterase

24
Q

Where does choline go after ACh is broken down

A

Transported back into axon terminal by cotransport with Na
Recycled choline used to make more ACh

25
Q

Why are some sympathetic and parasympathetic inhibitory or excitatory

A

Due to multiple receptor types

26
Q

What kind of receptors are sympathetic adrenergic (NE and E)

A

G-protein coupled (metabotropic receptors)

27
Q

What are two categories of adrenergic receptors

A

2 alpha (most common)
3 beta
Have preference for NE or E

28
Q

What kind of receptors are parasympathetic cholinergic (ACh)

A

G-protein coupled receptors (muscarinic)

29
Q

How many subtypes of choligernic receptors

A

5 subtypes M1-M5
3 in body

30
Q

What is first possible pathways of g-protein coupled receptors

A

Interaction with ion channels
- lead to opening or closing of channel depending on g-protein

31
Q

What is second pathway of g-protein receptors

A

Interaction with membrane bound enzyme

32
Q

What is first type of membrane bound enzyme

A

Phospholipase C signal transduction pathway
- increase in intracellular Ca mediates cellular response
- PKC also mediates

33
Q

What is second type of interaction with membrane bound enzyme

A

Adenylyl Cyclase signal transduction pathway
- protein kinase A phosphorylation proteins to cause cellular response

Bmsc 207 (35 decks)

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