Blood I

Question 1

What causes a myocardial infarction (heart attack) to occur

Answer 1

If clot blocks blood flow to hear muscle

Question 2

What happens during myocardial infarction

Answer 2

• lack of O2 leads to ATP supplying declining, cells become unable to remove Ca
• high intracellular Ca closes gap junctions, electrically isolating them

Question 3

Atherosclerosis in brain vasculature account for how many strokes

Answer 3

50%

Question 4

How much does hypertension increase the risk of CVD

Answer 4

Doubles risk for each 20/10 mmHg increase in BP above baseline of 115/75

Question 5

How many hypertensive patients have essential hypertension with no cause beside genetics

Answer 5

90%

Question 6

What do patients with essential (primary) hypertension have

Answer 6

Normal cardiac output but elevated peripheral resistance
- possible lack of nitric oxide

Question 7

How many cases of hypertension are secondary to an underlying condition

Answer 7

5-10%

Question 8

Effects of hypertension

Answer 8

1. Baroreceptors adapt to higher pressure with down regulation of their activity
2. Risk factor for atherosclerosis, pressure damages endothelial cell lining and promotes plaque formation
3. Increases afterload
4. Cause contractile cells to hypertrophy
5. Eventually cannot meet workload and fails

Question 9

Treatments of hypertension

Answer 9

1. Ca2+ channel blockers (L-type)
2. Diuretics
3. Beta blockers
4. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers

Question 10

Ca channel blockers

Answer 10

Relax vascular smooth muscle and/or decrease CO

Question 11

Diuretics

Answer 11

Increase urination removing excess fluid to decrease blood volume

Question 12

Beta blockers

Answer 12

Block B1 adrenergic receptors decreasing CO

Question 13

ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers

Answer 13

Prevent vasoconstriction

Question 14

What is blood composed of

Answer 14

Connective tissue composed of cellular elements suspended in extensive fluid matrix

Question 15

How much blood in normal weight human

Answer 15

5L

Question 16

How much of blood is plasma (liquid component)

Answer 16

3L

Question 17

Plasma components

Answer 17

Water 92%
Proteins 7%
Gases, trace elements, ions 1%

Question 18

What is difference between plasma and interstitial fluid

Answer 18

Plasma proteins

Question 19

4 plasma proteins

Answer 19

1. Albumins (60%)
2. Globulins
3. Fibrinogen
4. Transferrin

Question 20

Where are all plasma proteins from

Answer 20

Liver

Question 21

Function of albumins

Answer 21

Contributors to colloid osmotic pressure of plasma; carriers

Question 22

Function of globulins

Answer 22

Clotting factors, enzymes, antibodies, carriers

Question 23

Function of fibrinogen

Answer 23

Forms fibrin threads essential to blood clotting

Question 24

Function of transferrin

Answer 24

Iron transport

Question 25

What is other 2L of blood

Answer 25

Cellular elements RBCs, WBCs, platelets

Question 26

What is majority of cellular elements

Answer 26

Erythrocytes

Question 27

Red blood cells

Answer 27

Erythrocytes

Question 28

White blood cells (leukocytes) include

Answer 28

Lymphocytes Monocytes (macrophages) Neutrophilis Eosinophils Basophils

Question 29

Thrombocytes

Answer 29

Platelets

Question 30

What is the total blood volume of adult female and male

Answer 30

~7-8% of total bw 70mL/1kg in female 80mL/1kg in male

Question 31

How much of blood is hematocrit and what does it comprise

Answer 31

40–45% RBC’s

Question 32

What is Buffy coat and how much

Answer 32

1%< WBC’s and platelets

Question 33

What is plasma and how much

Answer 33

55-60% White solution of electrolytes, plasma proteins, carbs and lipids

Question 34

Hematopoiesis

Answer 34

Production of blood cells

Question 35

Where does hematopoiesis happen in adult

Answer 35

Bone marrow of pelvis, spine, ribs, cranium and proximal ends of long bones

Question 36

What does hematopoiesis create

Answer 36

75% WBC’s (short lifespan) 25% RBC’s (4 months)

Question 37

What does hematopoiesis begin with

Answer 37

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell and the lineage is guided by cytokines

Question 38

Cytokines

Answer 38

Proteins or peptides released form one cell that affect growth or activity in another cell

Question 39

Cytokines involved in hematopoiesis

Answer 39

Erythropoietin Thrombopoietin Colony-stimulating factors

Question 40

Erythropoiesis

Answer 40

RBC production (EPO)

Question 41

Leukopoiesis

Answer 41

Leukocytes (WBC) production (CSF’s)

Question 42

Thrombopoiesis

Answer 42

Thrombocyte (platelet) production (TPO)

Question 43

Which cytokines have been developed for use in cancer patients

Answer 43

EPO and CSF’s

Question 44

What are RBC’s

Answer 44

Non-nucleated biconcave cells with diameter of ~7.5um

Question 45

What does distinctive shape of RBC’s do

Answer 45

Increases surface to volume ratio, decreases diffusion distance

Question 46

3 major tasks of RBC’s

Answer 46

1. Carrying O2 from lungs to systemic tissue 2. Carrying CO2 from tissues to lungs 3.Assisting in buffering acids and bases

Question 47

What does flexible shape of RBC allow

Answer 47

- squeeze through capillaries - respond to osmotic changes - provide evidence of disease

Question 48

What is hemoglobin

Answer 48

O2 transport protein

Question 49

What do RBC’s mainly consist of

Answer 49

Hemoglobin

Question 50

What is hemoglobin composed of

Answer 50

4 protein globin chains Globin proteins: alpha, beta, gamma, or delta Most common is two alpha two beta chains, each contain heme group

Question 51

What is each heme group composed of

Answer 51

A porphyrin ring with iron atom in center - each heme group can bind on 02

Question 52

How much of iron in body is found in heme groups

Answer 52

70%

Question 53

What requires iron

Answer 53

Hemoglobin synthesis