Blood I Flashcards
What causes a myocardial infarction (heart attack) to occur
If clot blocks blood flow to hear muscle
What happens during myocardial infarction
- lack of O2 leads to ATP supplying declining, cells become unable to remove Ca
- high intracellular Ca closes gap junctions, electrically isolating them
Atherosclerosis in brain vasculature account for how many strokes
50%
How much does hypertension increase the risk of CVD
Doubles risk for each 20/10 mmHg increase in BP above baseline of 115/75
How many hypertensive patients have essential hypertension with no cause beside genetics
90%
What do patients with essential (primary) hypertension have
Normal cardiac output but elevated peripheral resistance
- possible lack of nitric oxide
How many cases of hypertension are secondary to an underlying condition
5-10%
Effects of hypertension
- Baroreceptors adapt to higher pressure with down regulation of their activity
- Risk factor for atherosclerosis, pressure damages endothelial cell lining and promotes plaque formation
- Increases afterload
- Cause contractile cells to hypertrophy
- Eventually cannot meet workload and fails
Treatments of hypertension
- Ca2+ channel blockers (L-type)
- Diuretics
- Beta blockers
- ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers
Ca channel blockers
Relax vascular smooth muscle and/or decrease CO
Diuretics
Increase urination removing excess fluid to decrease blood volume
Beta blockers
Block B1 adrenergic receptors decreasing CO
ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers
Prevent vasoconstriction
What is blood composed of
Connective tissue composed of cellular elements suspended in extensive fluid matrix
How much blood in normal weight human
5L
How much of blood is plasma (liquid component)
3L
Plasma components
Water 92%
Proteins 7%
Gases, trace elements, ions 1%
What is difference between plasma and interstitial fluid
Plasma proteins
4 plasma proteins
- Albumins (60%)
- Globulins
- Fibrinogen
- Transferrin
Where are all plasma proteins from
Liver
Function of albumins
Contributors to colloid osmotic pressure of plasma; carriers
Function of globulins
Clotting factors, enzymes, antibodies, carriers
Function of fibrinogen
Forms fibrin threads essential to blood clotting
Function of transferrin
Iron transport
What is other 2L of blood
Cellular elements
RBCs, WBCs, platelets
What is majority of cellular elements
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells
Erythrocytes
White blood cells (leukocytes) include
Lymphocytes
Monocytes (macrophages)
Neutrophilis
Eosinophils
Basophils
Thrombocytes
Platelets
What is the total blood volume of adult female and male
~7-8% of total bw
70mL/1kg in female
80mL/1kg in male
How much of blood is hematocrit and what does it comprise
40–45%
RBC’s
What is Buffy coat and how much
1%<
WBC’s and platelets
What is plasma and how much
55-60%
White solution of electrolytes, plasma proteins, carbs and lipids
Hematopoiesis
Production of blood cells
Where does hematopoiesis happen in adult
Bone marrow of pelvis, spine, ribs, cranium and proximal ends of long bones
What does hematopoiesis create
75% WBC’s (short lifespan)
25% RBC’s (4 months)
What does hematopoiesis begin with
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell and the lineage is guided by cytokines
Cytokines
Proteins or peptides released form one cell that affect growth or activity in another cell
Cytokines involved in hematopoiesis
Erythropoietin
Thrombopoietin
Colony-stimulating factors
Erythropoiesis
RBC production (EPO)
Leukopoiesis
Leukocytes (WBC) production (CSF’s)
Thrombopoiesis
Thrombocyte (platelet) production (TPO)
Which cytokines have been developed for use in cancer patients
EPO and CSF’s
What are RBC’s
Non-nucleated biconcave cells with diameter of ~7.5um
What does distinctive shape of RBC’s do
Increases surface to volume ratio, decreases diffusion distance
3 major tasks of RBC’s
- Carrying O2 from lungs to systemic tissue
- Carrying CO2 from tissues to lungs
3.Assisting in buffering acids and bases
What does flexible shape of RBC allow
- squeeze through capillaries
- respond to osmotic changes
- provide evidence of disease
What is hemoglobin
O2 transport protein
What do RBC’s mainly consist of
Hemoglobin
What is hemoglobin composed of
4 protein globin chains
Globin proteins: alpha, beta, gamma, or delta
Most common is two alpha two beta chains, each contain heme group
What is each heme group composed of
A porphyrin ring with iron atom in center
- each heme group can bind on 02
How much of iron in body is found in heme groups
70%
What requires iron
Hemoglobin synthesis
