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Bmsc 207 > CV V > Flashcards

CV V Flashcards

1
Q

How does increasing sarcomere length increase force of contraction (SV)

A
  1. Increases Ca sensitivity (decreased diameter reduces distance Ca must diffuse)
  2. Additional tension on Ca channels, increases Ca entry from ECF and Ca induced Ca release
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2
Q

What is Frank-starling law of heart

A

Amount of force developed by cardiac muscle of ventricle (indicated by SV) depends on initial stretch of ventricle walls (cause by ventricle filling)
SV increases with increasing EDV

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3
Q

Preload

A

Degree of myocardial stretch prior to contraction
EDV

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4
Q

What is EDV determined by

A

Venous return

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5
Q

What does increased venous return increase

A

Increases venous pressure resulting in increased atrial filling leading to increased ventricle filling

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6
Q

What are 3 factories affecting venous return

A
  1. Skeletal muscle pump
  2. Respiratory pump
  3. Sympathetic constriction of veins
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7
Q

Skeletal muscle pump

A

Skeletal muscle activity compresses veins in extremities pushing blood back
Increases venous return

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8
Q

Repiratory pump

A

During inspiration chest expands, diaphragm moves down creating sub atmospheric pressure in thoracic cavity
Creates sumbatmospheric pressure in vena cava and draws blood
Veins are compressed during inspiration

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9
Q

Sympathetic constriction of veins

A

Decreases their volume squeezing blood back to heart

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10
Q

After load

A

End load against which the heart contracts to eject blood
- blood in ventricle must eject enough pressure to push blood in outflow artery farther down circuit

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11
Q

What is afterload determined by

A

EDV and pressure in outflow artery prior to contraciton

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12
Q

How can afterload be increased

A

In pathological situations
Increased arterial BP, decreased aortic compliance

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13
Q

How does blood pressure affect afterload

A

If heart working harder, heart muscle hypertrophies
Loses elasticity, compresses coronary arteries
Reduces volume

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14
Q

What is pressure reservoir of systemic circuit

A

Aorta and large arteries

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15
Q

How do arterials alter their diameter

A

Adjustable screws allow variable resistance

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16
Q

Where does the exchange between blood and cells take place

A

Capillaries

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17
Q

What do arterioles do

A

Divergence

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18
Q

What do venues do

A

Converge until reach single vessel

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19
Q

What serves as an expandable volume reservoir

A

Systemic veins

20
Q

What is the progressive branching of vessels

A

Aorta - arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins - vena cava

21
Q

What do all vessels contain

A

Inner layer of thin endothelial cells

22
Q

What is order of layers of vessels

A

Lumen - endothelium - elastic tissue - smooth muscle - fibrous tissue

23
Q

What are endothelial cells important for

A

Secreting paracrine, regulation of BP, blood vessel growth, absorption of materials

24
Q

Paracrines

A

Substances that signal changes in near by cells

25
Q

What are capillaries composed of

A

Single thin endothelium
Basal lamina coats outside (extracellular matrix)

26
Q

What is artery composed of

A

All 4
More elastic tissue and smooth muscle than vein

27
Q

What is arterioles composed of

A

Endothelium, Smooth muscle

28
Q

What is venule composed of

A

Endothelium, fibrous tissue

29
Q

What is vein composed of

A

All 4
Larger volume
Less elastic tissue and smooth muscle than arteries
Have valves
More expandable

30
Q

What is vascular smooth muscle topically controlled by

A

Sympathetic input
Always state of partial contraction

31
Q

What is vascular smooth muscle influenced by

A

Neurotransmitters hormones, paracrines
Cause increased Ca so contraction

32
Q

Arteries

A

Walls that are both stiff and springy

33
Q

Micro circulation

A

Arterioles, capillaries, venules

34
Q

What is across microcirculation

A

Met arterioles

35
Q

What are metarterioles

A

Precapillary sphincters
Act as capillary bypass vessels
For blood and WBC’s

36
Q

What are the smallest vessels in the CV system where majority of exchange between blood and interstitial space occur

A

Capillaries

37
Q

How are gasses moved in across endothelial cells of capillaries

A

Passively diffuse

38
Q

How are small solutes and water transported around endothelial cells of capillaries

A

They are linked by interendothelial junctions

39
Q

What are fenestrations

A

Membrane lined conduits running though endothelial cells to allow transport

40
Q

What are capillaries surrounded by

A

Pericytes, prevent substance readily from moving in
Ex) BBB

41
Q

Continuous capillary

A

Most common
- thick endothelial cells, basal lamina
- no fenestrations
- only passage of water and small ions through intercellular junctions

42
Q

Fenestrated capillary

A

Thin endothelial cells with fenestrations
Where high transport needed
Small molecule passage

43
Q

Discontinuous (sinusoidal) capillary

A

No basal membrane
Large open fenestrations
Gaps between endothelial cells
Transport large molecules
Ex) liver, spleen, bone marrow

44
Q

Transcellular transport

A

Diffusion or osmosis across endothelial cell membrane
- gases, small lipid molecules, water, glucose

45
Q

Paracellular

A

Diffusion through interendothelial junctions, pores or fenestrations
- water, small water soluble and small polar molecules

46
Q

Transcytosis

A

Combination of receptor mediated endocytosis, vesicular transport, exocytosis
- macromolecules across endothelial cells

Bmsc 207 (35 decks)

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