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Mammalian Physiology 318 > Neurotransmitters and Neural Integration (2) > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters and Neural Integration (2) Flashcards

Exam 2

1
Q

Neurotransmitters Definition

A

molecules that are released when a signal reaches a synaptic nob (or varicosity)

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2
Q

How do synapses vary?

A

Excitatory or Inhibitory- differ based on type of receptor on postsynaptic cell

(some receptors are ligand-gated ion channels; others act though second messengers)

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3
Q

What are three examples of synapses with different modes of action?

A
  • excitatory cholinergic synapse
  • inhibitory GABA-ergic synapse
  • excitatory adrenergic synapse
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4
Q

What are the six steps of excitatory cholinergic synapse?

A
  1. Nerve signals at axon terminal and opens voltage-gated calcium channels
  2. calcium enters knob and triggers exocytosis of ACh
  3. ACh diffuses across cleft- binds to postsynaptic receptors (ligands)
  4. Receptors are ion channels-open and allow sodium and potassium to diffuse
  5. Entery of sodium causes local depolarizing voltage shift- postsynaptic potential
  6. If depolarization is strong (persistent) enough, it will cause an action potential at the trigger zone
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5
Q

A nerve signal triggers the release of ____ into synaptic cleft

A

GABA

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6
Q

GABA receptors open?

A

chloride channels

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7
Q

Chloride enters the cell and makes the inside more negative than RMP. What is this called?

A

hyperpolarization

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8
Q

Norepinephrine and other neurotransmitters act through ___ ____ ___ ___

A

second messenger systems (cAMP)

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9
Q

A receptor is not an ion gate. What is it?

A

it is a transmembrane protein associated with a G-protein

it is slower to respond, bit has an advantage of signal amplification

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10
Q

What are the steps to excitatory adrenergic synapse?

A
  • NE bind to receptor G-protein and dissociates
  • binds to adenylate cyclase
  • converts ATP to cAMP
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11
Q

What are the various responses to this process: NE bind to receptor G-protein and dissociates, binds to adenylate cyclase, converts ATP to cAMP

A
  1. binds to ligand gated channel- depolarize cell
  2. activate preexisting enzymes within the cell
  3. introduce genetic transcription leading to creation of new enzymes or proteins
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12
Q

What are the two way cessation of signals occur?

A
  1. Presynaptic cell stops

2. Eliminate neurotransmitters already there

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13
Q

What happens in Degradation?

A

acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the synaptic cleft

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14
Q

What happens in reuptake?

A

axon terminal reabsorbs (transport proteins) neurotransmitter/parts by endocytosis

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15
Q

What happens in when they diffuse?

A

neurotransmitter diffuses into neary ECF (acetate)

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16
Q

Synaptic delay does what?

A

slows that signal

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17
Q

Chemical Synapses =

A

processing; decision making

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18
Q

More synapses =

A

greater amount of information processing

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19
Q

What is trade- off?

A

chemical transmission involved a synaptic delay that makes information travel slower than it would be if there was no synapse

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20
Q

What is Neural Integration?

A

ability to process, store, and recall information and use it to make decisions

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21
Q

For a cell to fire an AP it must reach ____

A

threshold

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22
Q

Some chemical messengers ___ the postsynaptic cells

A

Inhibit

23
Q

Different neurotransmitters cause different types of postsynaptic potential in the cells they blind to. One neurotransmitter might ___ some cells and ___ others

A

excite

inhibit

24
Q

What is summation

A

process of adding up postsynaptic potentials and responding to their net effect (occurs in trigger zone/axon hillock)

(one neuron can receive input from thousands of other neurons)

25
Q

In summation, response depends on whether the ___ ____ is excitatory or inhibitory

A

net input

26
Q

Balance between EPSPs and IPSPs enables the nervous system to make ___

A

decisions

27
Q

Temporal Summation definiton

A

single synapse generates EPSPs so quickly that each is generated before the previous one fades
(only need signal form one)

28
Q

Spatial Summation definition

A

EPSPs from several different synapses add up to threshold at axon hillock (stimulation from all different places)

29
Q

Presynaptic Facilitation definition

A

one presynaptic neuron enhances another one

increases necessary synaptic transmission

30
Q

Presynaptic Inhibition definition

A

one presynaptic neuron surpasses another

reduces or halts unwanted synaptic transmission

31
Q

Neural (sensory) Coding definition

A

how the nervous system converts information into a meaningful pattern of action potentials

32
Q

What does qualitative information depend on?

A

which neurons fire

33
Q

What is a labeled line code?

A

each sensory nerve fiber to the brain leads from a receptor that recognizes a specific stimulus type

(each nerve fiber is “tagged” or “labeled” for a specific stimulus)

34
Q

Quantitative Information defintion

A

information about the intensity of a stimulus is encoded (two ways)

35
Q

What are the two ways a stimulus is encoded with quantitative information?

A
  1. Different neurons -> different thresholds of excitation
  2. Weak stimuli cause neurons to fire at slower rates; strong stimuli cause a higher firing frequency (more action potentials per second)
36
Q

True or False:

Neurons don’t work together

A

False

Neurons work together (thousands)

37
Q

Neural Pool is a….

A

localized cluster of neurons that collaborate to perform specific functions

38
Q

How are neural pools connected?

A

Connected via neural circuits

39
Q

Information arrives at a ___ ___ through one or more ___ ____

A

neural pool

input neurons

40
Q

Input neurons branch ___ and synapse with many target cells

A

repeatedly

41
Q

Some form ___ synapses with a single postsynaptic cell

A

multiple

42
Q

Discharge Zone definition

A

neuron can act alone to make postsynaptic cells fire

43
Q

Facilitate Zones defintion

A

inout neurons makes fewer, less powerful synapses

can only stimulate targets with the assistance of other input neurons

44
Q

Systems give neural pools ___ in integrating input from several sources; ____ on appropriate output

A

flexibility

deciding

45
Q

Neural Circuit definitions

A

Function of neural pool depends on how the neurons are connected

46
Q

Diverging Circuit definition

A
  • one or few neurons produce output

- ultimately branches to multiple destinations

47
Q

Converging Circuits definition

A

Multiple input neurons

converge on fewer and fewer neurons
(reach one or a few output neurons)

48
Q

Reverberating Circuits definition

A

Neurons stimulate each other in linear sequence

one or more of the later cells restimulates the first cell [axon collateral] to start the process all over

49
Q

Parallel After Discharge Circuits definition

A

input neurons diverges to stimulate several chains of neurons

(each chain has a different number of synapses—eventually they all reconvert on on for a few output neurons but with varying delays)

50
Q

What is an example of a Diverging Circuit?

A

a small group of neurons in brain sends signals to thousands of muscle fibers

51
Q

What is an example of a Converging Circuit?

A

Balance

Respiratory Center

52
Q

What is an example of a Reverberating Circuit?

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles

53
Q

What is an example of a Parallel After Discharge Circuit?

A

Pain (withdrawal reflex)

Mammalian Physiology 318 (11 decks)

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