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Mammalian Physiology 318 > General Senses and Pain (2) > Flashcards

General Senses and Pain (2) Flashcards

Exam 2

1
Q

Sensory Receptors definition

A

any structure specialized to detect a stimulus

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2
Q

What are the two types of sensory receptors?

A
  1. Simple: bare nerve endings
  2. Complex: sense organ-structure composed of nervous tissue and other tissue types (enhance responses to specific stimuli)
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3
Q

What is the purpose of sensory receptors?

A

transduction

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4
Q

Transduction definition

A

conversion of one form of energy to another

conversion of stimulus energy into nerve signals

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5
Q

Receptor Potential definition

A

small local electrical change on a receptor cell (neuron/ epithelial cell) brought about by a stimulus

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6
Q

strong stimuli = ___ ___

A

action potential

release neurotransmitter = generates nerve signal to CNS

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7
Q

Sensation definition

A

awareness of a stimulus

majority is filtered

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8
Q

What are the four kinds of information that transmit through receptors?

A
  1. Modality (type)
  2. Location
  3. Intensity
  4. Duration
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9
Q

What is Modality (type)?

A

hearing, taste, vision

determined by where sensory signals end in brain

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10
Q

What is Location?

A

which nerve fibers are sending signals

receptive field- area within which a sensory neuron detects stimuli

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11
Q

What is Intensity?

A

encoded in three ways:

  1. how fast are neurons firing
  2. number of neurons firing
  3. which neurons are firing
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12
Q

What is Duration?

A

how long stimulus lasts

changes in firing frequency over time

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13
Q

Phasic Receptors definition

A

adapt rapidly: generate bursts of action potentials when first stimulated

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14
Q

Tonic Receptors definition

A

adapt slowly: generate nerve signals more steadily throughout presence of stimulus

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15
Q

What are the 5 classifications of receptors by modality?

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors
  2. Thermoreceptors
  3. Pain Receptors
  4. Chemoreceptors
  5. Photoreceptors
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16
Q

What are Mechanoreceptors?

A

stimulated by changes in pressure or body movement

prioreceptors- specialized stretch receptors in muscle

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17
Q

What are Thermoreceptors?

A

stimulated by changed in the external or internal temperature
(primarily in the skin)

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18
Q

What are Pain Receptors?

A

stimulated by damage or oxygen deprivation to the tissues

skin- respond to chemicals released by injured tissue

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19
Q

What are Chemoreceptors?

A

Stimulated by changes in the chemical concentrations of substances
tastes buds/ olfactory receptors)

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20
Q

What are Photoreceptors?

A

stimulated by light energy

only in eye

21
Q

What are the two ways receptors are classified?

A
  1. Origin of stimuli

2. Distribution

22
Q

What are Exteroceptors?

A

detect external stimuli

vision, hearing, taste, touch, smell, temperature, pain

23
Q

What are Interoceptors?

A

detect internal stimuli

hunger, stretch receptors, pressure receptors, visceral pain, nausea

24
Q

What are Proprioceptors?

A

sense body position/movement

muscles tendons, joints

25
Q

General (somatosensory) senses are ___ distributed

A

widely

26
Q

Special sense are limited to ___

A

head

vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium

27
Q

What are the special senses?

A
  1. vision
  2. hearing
  3. taste
  4. smell
  5. equilibrium
28
Q

Free nerve ending are for ___ and ____

A

pain (nociceptors)

temperature (warm/ cold receptors)

29
Q

Bare dendrites have no ___ ____

A

special associates

30
Q

Skin and mucous membrane branch between ___

A

cells

31
Q

Somatosensory Projection Pathways definition

A

transmission of info from receptors to final destination in brain

32
Q

Most somatosensory signals travel by way of three neuron. What are they?

A
  1. First order neurons
  2. Second order neurons
  3. Third order neurons
33
Q

Pain definition

A

Discomfort caused by tissue injury or noxious stimulation

results in evasive action

34
Q

Nociceptors definition

A

specialized nerve fibers

35
Q

What are the two types of nociceptors?

A
  1. First (fast) Pain: myelinated fibers at 12 to 30 m/s (sharp, sudden, instantaneous- localized stabbing pain)
  2. Slow (second) Pain: unmyelinated fibers at 0.5 to 2 m/s (long lasting, dull, continuous)
36
Q

What is nociceptive pain?

A
  • superficial somatic pain (skin)
  • deep somatic pain (bones, muscles, joints)
  • visceral pain (organs)
37
Q

Neuropathic Pain definition

A

nerves, spinal cord, meninges or brain

–stabbing, burning, or tingling

38
Q

Injured tissues release chemicals that ____ pain fibers

A

stimulate

39
Q

What are the three ascending tracts of the projection pathways for pain

A
  • spinothalamic tract
  • spinoreticular tract
  • gracile fasciculus
40
Q

What is the spinothalamic tract?

A

most significant pain pathway
(Carries most somatic pain signals)
(cerebral cortex)

41
Q

What is the spin-reticular tract?

A

activated visceral, emotional, and behavioral reactions to pain
(limbic system, hypothalamus)

42
Q

What is the gracile fasciculus?

A

carries signals for visceral pain
(stomach ache, kidney stones)
(thalamus)

43
Q

Referred Pain definition

A

pain in viscera often mistakenly thought to come from the skin or other superficial site

44
Q

What are endogenous opioids?

A

“internally produced opium-like substances”

45
Q

Enkephalins definition

A

two analgesic oligopeptides with 200x potency of morphine

46
Q

Endorphins definition

A

larger analgesic neuropeptides

47
Q

Spinal Gating definition

A

stops pain signals in spinal cord (posterior horn)

48
Q

Facts of descending analgesic fibers

A
  • arise in brainstem
  • descend in a spinal cord (reticulospinal tract)
  • block pain signals from traveling up spinal cord

Mammalian Physiology 318 (11 decks)

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