Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mammalian Physiology 318 > Introduction (1) > Flashcards

Introduction (1) Flashcards

Exam 1

1
Q

Anatomy Definition

A
  • structure

- complex interconnectedness of structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Physiology Definition

A

-function (spectrum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Comparative Physiology Definition

A

experimentation on humans not always practical, that’s why traditionally we have mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the goal of comparative physiology?

A
  • to understand the function and integration

- understand organizational levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Structure determines function and ____ informs ____

A
  • function

- structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the collection of qualities that distinguish from nonliving things?

A

Life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the characteristics of life?

A
  • Cells
  • Reproduction
  • Growth
  • Homeostasis
  • Adaptability/Excitability
  • Evolution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are cells?

A

One or more -> are building blocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of reproduction?

A

to make copies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is growth

A 
metabolic changes (metabolism)
-causes development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of homeostasis?

A

maintain or relatively stable internal environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is evolution?

A

a change over time (often due to excitability)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the levels of organization?

A
  • Atom
  • Molecule
  • Macromolecule
  • Organelle
  • Cell
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ System
  • Organism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What levels of organization make up chemicals?

A
  • atoms
  • molecules
  • macromolecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What makes up cells?

A

organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What makes up tissues?

A

similar cells/similar functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What makes up organs?

A

two or more tissues types that work together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What makes up organ systems?

A

organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How cells in cell differentiation classified?

A
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
  • Connective
  • Epithelial
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are multicellular structures made of?

A

Tissues- single cell type (aggregate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are tissues?

A
  • similar cells and cell products
  • related embryonically
  • work in concert
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do major tissues types differ in?

A
  • cell structure (type) and function
  • Matrix (extracellular material)
  • Cell:Matrix (cell to matrix ratio)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a matrix and what is is made of?

A
  • nonliving matter secreted by tissues cells
  • -Fibrous proteins
  • -clear gel (ground substance, ECF)
24
Q

Histology Definition

A

study of tissues

-organization within organs

25
Q

Organ systems are __?

A

a collection of organs that work to carry out a specific function

26
Q

What is body fluid?

A

a watery solution of dissolved substances (oxygen, nutrients, and wastes) present in the body

27
Q

What are the two main types of body fluid and where are they found?

A
  1. Intracellular fluid- fluid within cells (~67% of all fluid)
  2. Extracellular fluid- fluid in blood and between cells (~33%) (20-25 plasma and 75-80 around the cells)
28
Q

Extracellular and intracellular fluid composition is very different and ___ __ ____?

A

vital to survival

29
Q

Gradient Definition

A

difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points

30
Q

Matter and energy flow __ the gradient

A

down

31
Q

Movement in the opposite direction is __ or ___ the gradient

A
  • up

- against

32
Q

What flows down?

A
  • chemicals
  • charged particles
  • heat
33
Q

What happens in homeostasis?

A

Physiological variables (blood pressure, body temperature, and blood gases) are maintained within a predictable range

(can change dramatically over a 24-hour period but the body is still in overall balance)

34
Q

Homeostasis Definition

A

physiological variables in a state of dynamic consistency (equilibrium)

(change is not STATIC, internal stability)

35
Q

What happens in homeostatic control systems?

A

activity must be regulated/ integrated

36
Q

Steady State Definition

A

a system in which a particular variable is not changing

37
Q

What is Caveat?

A

energy must be added continuously to maintain a stable homeostatic condition (set point)

38
Q

Set Point Definition

A

average value of a given variable

could change: example- marathon runners

39
Q

When talking about a steady state, any regulated variable will…

A

Have a narrow range of normal values depending on the external environment conditions

40
Q

Feedback System (Loops) Definition

A

fundamental mechanisms to control physiological processes

41
Q

What are the two types of Feedback Systems (Loops) and what do the do?

A
  1. Positive- enhances production of a product (accelerates a process)
  2. Negative- bring variable back to original state (negates a change)
42
Q

Draw a feedback loop:

A

Physiological variable —stimulus—> Receptor ——> Control Center ——> Effector Organ —Response—>
(Back to beginning)

43
Q

What does a Response do in a feedback loop?

A

detects a change

44
Q

What does the Control Center do in a feedback loop?

A

Activate the effector organ

45
Q

What does an Effector Organ do in a feedback loop?

A

Produces a response

46
Q

What type of cycle is a positive feedback loop?

A

A self- amplifying cycle

  • -greater change in the same direction
  • -feedback loop is repeated and produces more change
47
Q

True or False:

A positive feedback loop produces rapid changes?

A

True

48
Q

What are three examples of positive feedback loops?

A
  • childbirth
  • blood clots
  • fever
49
Q

Steps in the positive feedback loop of childbirth:

A
  1. Head of fetus pushes against cervix
  2. Nerve signals from cervix transmitted to brain
  3. Brain stimulates pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin
  4. Oxytocin carried in bloodstream to fetus
  5. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractors and pushes fetus toward cervix
50
Q

What type of process is a negative feedback loop?

A

Continuous, ongoing processes

–effectors are generally increased/decreased in activity

51
Q

How does a negative feedback loop work?

A

The body senses a change and activates mechanisms to negate (reverse) it
–Maintain values around a set point

52
Q

Explain the parts of a Negative Feedback Reflex Arc

A
  • Stimulus: detectable change (internal/external)
  • Receptor: detects change
  • Signal travels between the receptor and integrating center along the afferent pathway
  • integrating (control) center: decision to respond
  • Information going from the integrating center to the effector travels along the efferent pathway
  • effector: sends response
53
Q

Intrinsic Regulation Definition

A

within the organ being regulated

54
Q

Extrinsic Regulation Definition

A

nervous/endocrine

  • nervous system: regulates secretion of endocrine hormones
  • hormones: regulate function of nervous system (find receptor and target cell
55
Q

What is Negative Feedback Inhibition

A
  • secretion of a hormone can be inhibited by its own effects (closed-loop system)
  • hypothalamus doesn’t make decisions without input

Mammalian Physiology 318 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions