Chemistry and Physiology (1) Flashcards
Exam 1
1
Q
Organic Chemistry Definition
A
compounds containing carbon
2
Q
What are the four major categories of organic chemistry?
A
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Nucleic Acids
3
Q
Biochemistry Definition
A
study of compounds related to the processes of life
4
Q
Carbon Definition
A
four valence electrons (needs 4 more to fill outer shell)
5
Q
True or False:
Carbon is not good at binding with other atoms
A
False
Carbon is good at binding with other atoms
6
Q
What makes up carbon backbones
A
Chains
Rings
Assortment of branches molecules (H, N, O,…)
7
Q
Carbon backbones carry a variety of ___ ___
A
functional groups
8
Q
What are functional groups and what do they do?
A
- small clusters of atoms attached to carbon backbones
- determine properties of what they are attached to
(examples: hydroxyl, methyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate)
9
Q
Macromolecules Definition
A
large organic molecules
-high in molecular weight
10
Q
Polymers Definition
A
repetitive series of identical or similar subunits (monomers)
11
Q
What are three examples of polymers?
A
- Starch- polymer of >3000 glucose
- DNA- 4 different nucleotide
- Proteins- amino acids
12
Q
Polymerization Definition
A
joining monomers to form a polymer
13
Q
Dehydration Synthesis (condensation) Definition
A
How living cells form polymers
14
Q
How does dehydration synthesis occur?
A
- enzymes remove hydroxyl group, remove hydrogen
- monomers covalently bond
15
Q
Hydrolysis Definition
A
digestion: the opposite of dehydration synthesis
16
Q
How does hydrolysis occur?
A
- H2O ionize into -OH- and H+
- Enzyme (split by adding water)
17
Q
What are the four classes of organic molecules?
A
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
18
Q
What makes up carbohydrates?
A
monosaccharides -> disaccarides -> polysaccharides
19
Q
What makes up lipids?
A
- triglycerides (glycerol and fatty acids [3])
- phospholipids (cell membranes)
- steroids
20
Q
What makes up proteins?
A
polypeptide (amino acids)
21
Q
What makes up nucleic acids?
A
DNA/RNA (nucleotide)
22
Q
Why are carbohydrates important?
A
ENERGY
23
Q
What do carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen make?
A
Carbohydrates
24
Q
Are carbohydrates hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
A
Hydrophilic (soluble in water)
25
What are monosaccharides?
simple sugars
| such as glucose, galactose, and fructose
26
How are simple sugars produced?
by digestion of complex sugars
27
What are disaccharides?
2 monosaccharides
28
What do dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis do to disaccharides?
- dehydration synthesis (combine monosaccharides)
| - hydrolysis (break apart monosaccharides)
29
What are three important disaccharides?
1. Sucrose (table sugar)
2. Lactose (milk sugar)
3. Maltose (grains sugar)
30
What makes up sucrose?
glucose and fructose
31
What makes up lactose?
glucose and galactose
32
What makes up maltose?
glucose x2
33
What are polysaccharides?
long chains of monosaccharides
34
What is glycogen?
reservoir of available energy
35
What happens to glycogen that goes through the process of hydrolysis?
it is turned into glucose
36
Within polysaccharides, glycogen is...
energy storage
37
Within polysaccharides, starch is...
energy storage within plants
| you can break down starch
38
Within polysaccharides, cellulose is...
structure (only found in plants)
39
What does fiber do for cellulose?
Makes stuff move through the digestive tract
| works with bacteria
40
Carbohydrates are converted to ___ in order to make ___. This makes a ____ mobilized source of ____.
- glucose
- ATP
- quickly
- energy
41
Conjugated Carbohydrate Definition
covalently bound to lipid or protein
42
Types of conjugated carbohydrates and where they are found
1. Glycoproteins (surface of cell membrane)
2. Glycoproteins (cell membrane [mucous helps with respiratory/digestive])
3. Proteoglycans (matrix- ground substance [gel filler, cartilage])
43
What are lipids that are highly variable?
difficult to generalize and hydrophobic
44
What are lipids primarily composed of?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
45
What is the importance of lipids?
- energy
- structure for cellular membranes
- signaling molecules for cellular membranes
46
What are triglycerides (fats)?
- Three fatty acids linked to glycerol
| - majority of lipids in the body
47
Where are triglycerides typically found and where are they made?
- found in the blood
| - made in the liver
48
Energy function is the primary function of ___?
triglycerides
49
Protection (cushion) and insulation is the secondary function of ___?
triglycerides
50
Fatty acids are described as...
a chain of carbon atoms with:
- carboxyl group (-COOH) on one end
- methyl group (-CH3) on the other end
51
Saturated Fatty Acid Definition
full of hydrogen
| all carbon linked by single bonds
52
Unsaturated Fatty Acid Definition
double bonds between carbons
53
Cis-Fatty Acid Definition
Two covalent single C-C bonds angle in the same direction adjacent to the C=C double bond
54
Trans-Fatty Acid Definition
Two covalent single C-C bonds angle in opposties on each side of the C=C double bond
(resist enzymatic break down)
55
Which fatty acid increases the risk of heart disease?
Trans-Fatty Acid
56
within ketone bodies:
| Hydrolysis of triglycerides within adipose tissue=
fatty acids -> blood
57
Within ketone bodies:
| rapid breakdown of fat =
elevated levels
58
What is ketosis?
low blood glucose
59
What is Ketoacidosis?
too many ketone bodies
| low blood pH
60
Phospholipids are similar in overall structure to ___
triglycerides
| 1 fatty acid turns into a phosphate group
61
Within phospholipids:
| ____ forms bilayers within the membranes
amphipathic
62
fatty acid "tails" are ____ and face the ___
- hydrophobic
| - outside
63
phosphate "head" is ____ and face the ___
- hydrophilic
| - inside
64
Steroids contain ___ ___ atoms in ___ rings and are not ___ ___, ___, and ___
- 17 carbon
- four
- water soluble
- nonpolar
- hydrophobic
65
What are some examples of steroids?
- cholesterol
- sex hormones from gonads
- corticosteroids from adrenal cortex
66
Cholesterol pertaining too steroids is?
"parent" steroid from which other steroids are synthesized
| important in the nervous system for structural integrity of cells
67
How many kinds of cholesterol are there?
only one kind
68
What is HDL (High Density Lipoprotein)?
"good" cholesterol
- lower ration of lipid to protein
- may help to PREVENT cardiovascular disease
69
What is LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein)?
"bad" cholesterol
- high ration of lipid to protein
- CONTRIBUTES to cardiovascular disease
70
Prostaglandins Definition?
Hormone-like chemical signals between cells
71
Prostaglandins play a role in...
inflammation, blood clotting, hormone action, labor contractions, blood vessel diameter
72
Proteins are critical functions in almost every ___ and ____ process
- physiological
| - homeostatic
73
How much organic material do proteins make up in your body?
~50%
74
What is critical to everything?
Proteins
75
Amino Acid Definition
subunit monomers of proteins
76
Each amino acid has a side chain called a ___ ___
Functional Group
77
The human body can synthesize many amino acids, but several must be obtained in the diet: known as
essential amino acids
78
How many essential amino acids are there?
9
79
Peptide Definiton
any molecule composed of two or more amino acids
| -joined by peptide bonds
80
Conformation is ___ and it is critical for proteins to ____
| Conformation can ____ and ____ ____
- shape
- function
- change
- change back
81
What is denaturation of a protein structure
when the conformation of the protein structure changed, but then It doesn't change back
-causes the protein to cease to function
82
What causes denaturation of a protein?
- heat
| - pH level being off
83
What are the two variables that determine the primary structure of a protein?
- number of amino acids in chain
| - sequence (order) in which they occur
84
What are the most common secondary structure of a protein?
- alpha helix
| - beta helix
85
Describe tertiary structure of a protein
- bends/folds
| - van der Waals holds bends/folds together
86
What are a couple examples of proteins that have a tertiary structure?
- globular proteins
| - fibrous proteins
87
Describe quaternary structure of a protein
2 or more polypeptide chains
88
What are the functions of protein?
1. Structure
2. Transport (membranes)
3. Communication
4. Catalysts
5. Movement
6. Recognition
7. Cell Adhesion
89
Protein Functions: what does structure do?
- keratin
| - collagen (skin, hair, bone, teeth)
90
Protein Functions: what does transport (membranes) do?
-channels (2nd messenger systems)
91
Protein Functions: what does communication do?
some hormones (ligands- bind reversibly to a protein)
92
Protein Functions: what does a catalyst do?
speeds up reactions
93
Protein Functions: what does movement do?
moves muscles
94
Protein Functions: What does recognition do?
- immunity
| - antibodies (proteins)
95
Protein Functions: what does cell adhesion do?
binds cells together
96
What are the functions of nucleic acids
- storage
- expression
- transmission of genetic information
97
What are nucleic acids
polymers of nucleotides
98
What are the two classes of nucleotides?
- DNA
| - RNA
99
How many nucleotides are present in DNA
four divided into two classes:
- Purine - adenine (A), guanine (G)
- Pyrimidine - cytosine (C), Thymine (T)
100
What is a DNA molecule?
two chains of nucleotides coiled around each other- double helix
- -holds chains together
- -H bonds
101
What is the Law of Complimentary Base Pairing?
Specificity is imposed on the base pairings by the location of the hydrogen-bonding groups in the four bases
102
DNA only functions because of...
- Template/instruction
- --messenger (mRNA)
- --transfer (tRNA)
- --ribosomal (rRNA)
103
RNA molecules differ in only a few respects from DNA:
1. Single chain of nucleotides
2. Ribose (sugar)
3. Pyrimidine base thymine in DNA is replaced in the RNA by the pyrimidine base uracil (U), (A-U pairing)
- all other bases = same as DNA
104
What are some other nucleotides?
- ATP (energy transfer)
- GTP (energy transfer)
- cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
105
All organisms are composed of ___
cells
106
What makes up Cell Theory?
- All organisms are composed of cells and cell products
- simplest structure/functional unit of life
- --structure/function are due to activates within the cell (energy)
- cells only come from other cells
- cells of all species exhibit biochemical similarities
107
What is the importance of cells?
- metabolism/energy use/chemical reactions
- -within the cells
- synthesis of molecules
- talk- communicate --> tissues -->organs
- reproduction/growth -DNA
- -Cell division
108
True and False:
| There is a limit on cell size
True
109
What is the cell structure of plasma (cell) membrane?
(defines cell boundaries)
- border (barrier) of cell
- intracellular and extracellular faces
