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Mammalian Physiology 318 > Chemistry and Physiology (1) > Flashcards

Chemistry and Physiology (1) Flashcards

Exam 1

1
Q

Organic Chemistry Definition

A

compounds containing carbon

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2
Q

What are the four major categories of organic chemistry?

A
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Nucleic Acids
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3
Q

Biochemistry Definition

A

study of compounds related to the processes of life

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4
Q

Carbon Definition

A

four valence electrons (needs 4 more to fill outer shell)

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5
Q

True or False:

Carbon is not good at binding with other atoms

A

False

Carbon is good at binding with other atoms

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6
Q

What makes up carbon backbones

A

Chains
Rings
Assortment of branches molecules (H, N, O,…)

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7
Q

Carbon backbones carry a variety of ___ ___

A

functional groups

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8
Q

What are functional groups and what do they do?

A
  • small clusters of atoms attached to carbon backbones
  • determine properties of what they are attached to
    (examples: hydroxyl, methyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate)
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9
Q

Macromolecules Definition

A

large organic molecules

-high in molecular weight

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10
Q

Polymers Definition

A

repetitive series of identical or similar subunits (monomers)

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11
Q

What are three examples of polymers?

A
  1. Starch- polymer of >3000 glucose
  2. DNA- 4 different nucleotide
  3. Proteins- amino acids
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12
Q

Polymerization Definition

A

joining monomers to form a polymer

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13
Q

Dehydration Synthesis (condensation) Definition

A

How living cells form polymers

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14
Q

How does dehydration synthesis occur?

A
  • enzymes remove hydroxyl group, remove hydrogen

- monomers covalently bond

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15
Q

Hydrolysis Definition

A

digestion: the opposite of dehydration synthesis

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16
Q

How does hydrolysis occur?

A
  • H2O ionize into -OH- and H+

- Enzyme (split by adding water)

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17
Q

What are the four classes of organic molecules?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
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18
Q

What makes up carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides -> disaccarides -> polysaccharides

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19
Q

What makes up lipids?

A
  • triglycerides (glycerol and fatty acids [3])
  • phospholipids (cell membranes)
  • steroids
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20
Q

What makes up proteins?

A

polypeptide (amino acids)

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21
Q

What makes up nucleic acids?

A

DNA/RNA (nucleotide)

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22
Q

Why are carbohydrates important?

A

ENERGY

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23
Q

What do carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen make?

A

Carbohydrates

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24
Q

Are carbohydrates hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophilic (soluble in water)

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25
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

simple sugars

such as glucose, galactose, and fructose

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26
Q

How are simple sugars produced?

A

by digestion of complex sugars

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27
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

2 monosaccharides

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28
Q

What do dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis do to disaccharides?

A
  • dehydration synthesis (combine monosaccharides)

- hydrolysis (break apart monosaccharides)

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29
Q

What are three important disaccharides?

A
  1. Sucrose (table sugar)
  2. Lactose (milk sugar)
  3. Maltose (grains sugar)
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30
Q

What makes up sucrose?

A

glucose and fructose

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31
Q

What makes up lactose?

A

glucose and galactose

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32
Q

What makes up maltose?

A

glucose x2

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33
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

long chains of monosaccharides

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34
Q

What is glycogen?

A

reservoir of available energy

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35
Q

What happens to glycogen that goes through the process of hydrolysis?

A

it is turned into glucose

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36
Q

Within polysaccharides, glycogen is…

A

energy storage

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37
Q

Within polysaccharides, starch is…

A

energy storage within plants

you can break down starch

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38
Q

Within polysaccharides, cellulose is…

A

structure (only found in plants)

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39
Q

What does fiber do for cellulose?

A

Makes stuff move through the digestive tract

works with bacteria

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40
Q

Carbohydrates are converted to ___ in order to make ___. This makes a ____ mobilized source of ____.

A
  • glucose
  • ATP
  • quickly
  • energy
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41
Q

Conjugated Carbohydrate Definition

A

covalently bound to lipid or protein

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42
Q

Types of conjugated carbohydrates and where they are found

A
  1. Glycoproteins (surface of cell membrane)
  2. Glycoproteins (cell membrane [mucous helps with respiratory/digestive])
  3. Proteoglycans (matrix- ground substance [gel filler, cartilage])
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43
Q

What are lipids that are highly variable?

A

difficult to generalize and hydrophobic

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44
Q

What are lipids primarily composed of?

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

45
Q

What is the importance of lipids?

A
  • energy
  • structure for cellular membranes
  • signaling molecules for cellular membranes
46
Q

What are triglycerides (fats)?

A
  • Three fatty acids linked to glycerol

- majority of lipids in the body

47
Q

Where are triglycerides typically found and where are they made?

A
  • found in the blood

- made in the liver

48
Q

Energy function is the primary function of ___?

A

triglycerides

49
Q

Protection (cushion) and insulation is the secondary function of ___?

A

triglycerides

50
Q

Fatty acids are described as…

A

a chain of carbon atoms with:

  • carboxyl group (-COOH) on one end
  • methyl group (-CH3) on the other end
51
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid Definition

A

full of hydrogen

all carbon linked by single bonds

52
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acid Definition

A

double bonds between carbons

53
Q

Cis-Fatty Acid Definition

A

Two covalent single C-C bonds angle in the same direction adjacent to the C=C double bond

54
Q

Trans-Fatty Acid Definition

A

Two covalent single C-C bonds angle in opposties on each side of the C=C double bond
(resist enzymatic break down)

55
Q

Which fatty acid increases the risk of heart disease?

A

Trans-Fatty Acid

56
Q

within ketone bodies:

Hydrolysis of triglycerides within adipose tissue=

A

fatty acids -> blood

57
Q

Within ketone bodies:

rapid breakdown of fat =

A

elevated levels

58
Q

What is ketosis?

A

low blood glucose

59
Q

What is Ketoacidosis?

A

too many ketone bodies

low blood pH

60
Q

Phospholipids are similar in overall structure to ___

A

triglycerides

1 fatty acid turns into a phosphate group

61
Q

Within phospholipids:

____ forms bilayers within the membranes

A

amphipathic

62
Q

fatty acid “tails” are ____ and face the ___

A
  • hydrophobic

- outside

63
Q

phosphate “head” is ____ and face the ___

A
  • hydrophilic

- inside

64
Q

Steroids contain ___ ___ atoms in ___ rings and are not ___ ___, ___, and ___

A
  • 17 carbon
  • four
  • water soluble
  • nonpolar
  • hydrophobic
65
Q

What are some examples of steroids?

A
  • cholesterol
  • sex hormones from gonads
  • corticosteroids from adrenal cortex
66
Q

Cholesterol pertaining too steroids is?

A

“parent” steroid from which other steroids are synthesized

important in the nervous system for structural integrity of cells

67
Q

How many kinds of cholesterol are there?

A

only one kind

68
Q

What is HDL (High Density Lipoprotein)?

A

“good” cholesterol

  • lower ration of lipid to protein
  • may help to PREVENT cardiovascular disease
69
Q

What is LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein)?

A

“bad” cholesterol

  • high ration of lipid to protein
  • CONTRIBUTES to cardiovascular disease
70
Q

Prostaglandins Definition?

A

Hormone-like chemical signals between cells

71
Q

Prostaglandins play a role in…

A

inflammation, blood clotting, hormone action, labor contractions, blood vessel diameter

72
Q

Proteins are critical functions in almost every ___ and ____ process

A
  • physiological

- homeostatic

73
Q

How much organic material do proteins make up in your body?

A

~50%

74
Q

What is critical to everything?

A

Proteins

75
Q

Amino Acid Definition

A

subunit monomers of proteins

76
Q

Each amino acid has a side chain called a ___ ___

A

Functional Group

77
Q

The human body can synthesize many amino acids, but several must be obtained in the diet: known as

A

essential amino acids

78
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

9

79
Q

Peptide Definiton

A

any molecule composed of two or more amino acids

-joined by peptide bonds

80
Q

Conformation is ___ and it is critical for proteins to ____

Conformation can ____ and ____ ____

A
  • shape
  • function
  • change
  • change back
81
Q

What is denaturation of a protein structure

A

when the conformation of the protein structure changed, but then It doesn’t change back
-causes the protein to cease to function

82
Q

What causes denaturation of a protein?

A
  • heat

- pH level being off

83
Q

What are the two variables that determine the primary structure of a protein?

A
  • number of amino acids in chain

- sequence (order) in which they occur

84
Q

What are the most common secondary structure of a protein?

A
  • alpha helix

- beta helix

85
Q

Describe tertiary structure of a protein

A
  • bends/folds

- van der Waals holds bends/folds together

86
Q

What are a couple examples of proteins that have a tertiary structure?

A
  • globular proteins

- fibrous proteins

87
Q

Describe quaternary structure of a protein

A

2 or more polypeptide chains

88
Q

What are the functions of protein?

A
  1. Structure
  2. Transport (membranes)
  3. Communication
  4. Catalysts
  5. Movement
  6. Recognition
  7. Cell Adhesion
89
Q

Protein Functions: what does structure do?

A
  • keratin

- collagen (skin, hair, bone, teeth)

90
Q

Protein Functions: what does transport (membranes) do?

A

-channels (2nd messenger systems)

91
Q

Protein Functions: what does communication do?

A

some hormones (ligands- bind reversibly to a protein)

92
Q

Protein Functions: what does a catalyst do?

A

speeds up reactions

93
Q

Protein Functions: what does movement do?

A

moves muscles

94
Q

Protein Functions: What does recognition do?

A
  • immunity

- antibodies (proteins)

95
Q

Protein Functions: what does cell adhesion do?

A

binds cells together

96
Q

What are the functions of nucleic acids

A
  • storage
  • expression
  • transmission of genetic information
97
Q

What are nucleic acids

A

polymers of nucleotides

98
Q

What are the two classes of nucleotides?

A
  • DNA

- RNA

99
Q

How many nucleotides are present in DNA

A

four divided into two classes:

  • Purine - adenine (A), guanine (G)
  • Pyrimidine - cytosine (C), Thymine (T)
100
Q

What is a DNA molecule?

A

two chains of nucleotides coiled around each other- double helix

  • -holds chains together
  • -H bonds
101
Q

What is the Law of Complimentary Base Pairing?

A

Specificity is imposed on the base pairings by the location of the hydrogen-bonding groups in the four bases

102
Q

DNA only functions because of…

A
  • Template/instruction
  • –messenger (mRNA)
  • –transfer (tRNA)
  • –ribosomal (rRNA)
103
Q

RNA molecules differ in only a few respects from DNA:

A
  1. Single chain of nucleotides
  2. Ribose (sugar)
  3. Pyrimidine base thymine in DNA is replaced in the RNA by the pyrimidine base uracil (U), (A-U pairing)
    - all other bases = same as DNA
104
Q

What are some other nucleotides?

A
  • ATP (energy transfer)
  • GTP (energy transfer)
  • cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
105
Q

All organisms are composed of ___

A

cells

106
Q

What makes up Cell Theory?

A
  • All organisms are composed of cells and cell products
  • simplest structure/functional unit of life
  • –structure/function are due to activates within the cell (energy)
  • cells only come from other cells
  • cells of all species exhibit biochemical similarities
107
Q

What is the importance of cells?

A
  • metabolism/energy use/chemical reactions
  • -within the cells
  • synthesis of molecules
  • talk- communicate –> tissues –>organs
  • reproduction/growth -DNA
  • -Cell division
108
Q

True and False:

There is a limit on cell size

A

True

109
Q

What is the cell structure of plasma (cell) membrane?

A

(defines cell boundaries)

  • border (barrier) of cell
  • intracellular and extracellular faces

Mammalian Physiology 318 (11 decks)

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