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Mammalian Physiology 318 > Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis (1) > Flashcards

Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis (1) Flashcards

Exam 1

1
Q

True or False:

The nucleus is the smallest organelle.

A

False:

The nucleus is the largest organelle

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2
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Stores genetic information

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3
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

formation of ribosomes (using RNA)

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4
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

double membrane around the nucleus

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5
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

regulate passage of substances

-hold membrane together

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6
Q

What is the nucleoplasm?

A

material in nucleus

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7
Q

What is chromatin?

A
  • Diffuse DNA (some RNA)

- -prior to division –> converts to chromosome

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8
Q

What is a gene traditionally?

A

a segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein

  • codes first for mRNA –> protein
  • -TONS of PROTEINS
  • -20,000 genes
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9
Q

What is the current definition of a gene?

A

An information-containing segment of DNA that codes for the production of a molecule of RNA that plays a role in synthesizing one or more proteins

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10
Q

Amino Acid sequence of a protein is determined by the ____ sequence in the DNA

A

nucleotide

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11
Q

How many separate human DNA molecules (chromosomes) are there?
How many pairs does that make and where do they come from?

A
  • 46 separate
  • 23 pairs
  • –set from each parent
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12
Q

Genome Definition

A

all the genes in 23 pairs

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13
Q

What is genomics?

A

study of the whole genome and how its genes and noncoding DNA interact to affect structure and function of the whole organism

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14
Q

A single gene can code for ___ ____ proteins

A
  • many

- different

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15
Q

The function and regulation of most genes is ___

A

unknown

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16
Q

True or False:

All humans are at least 99.9% genetically identical

A

True

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17
Q

Genetic Code Definition

A

a system that enables these four nucleotides to code for amino acid sequences of all proteins

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18
Q

Proteome Definition

A

Specific proteins expressed in a given cell at a particular time

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19
Q

True or False:

DNA language is the same as protein language

A

false

DNA language is different than protein language

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20
Q

Codon Definition

A

three letter (nucleotide) unit of mRNA

  • -codes for single amino acids
  • -61 triplets (3 are stop codons)
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21
Q

What is a stop codons and a start codon?

A

stop codons: signal “end of message”

start codon: (methionine [AUG]) begins the amino acid sequence

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22
Q

From ___ to ___ to ___

A

DNA
RNA
Protein

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23
Q

Molecular Genetics Definition

A

how genes control the building of specific proteins

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24
Q

Gene Expression Definition

A

protein codes for functions in the cell

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25
Q

What are the two steps of gene expression?

A
  1. Transcription

2. Translation

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26
Q

Cells differ in structure and function because….

A
  • different proteins do different jobs

- only certain genes are expressed

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27
Q

Gene expression is controlled in the ___ which leads to…

A
  • Cell

- specialization of cells in tissue

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28
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A
  • Messenger RNA (mRNA) (pre-mRNA)
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA)
  • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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29
Q

Which RNA are produced in the nucleus?

A

mRNA and tRNA

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30
Q

Which RNA are produced in the nucleolus?

A

rRNA

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31
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A
  • transcription

- translation

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32
Q

What is the function of tRNA?

A

-transfers amino acids to ribosomes

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33
Q

What is the function of rRNA?

A

component of ribosome that joins the large and small subunits

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34
Q

What is made when a gene is activated during protein synthesis?

A

mRNA

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35
Q

What is the process of protein synthesis?

A

DNA –> mRNA –> Protein

  • Transcription: DNA –>mRNA
  • Translation mRNA –> Protien
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36
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

nucleus

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37
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

cytoplasm

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38
Q

True or False:

Transcription is the creation of mRNA from DNA

A

True

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39
Q

Introns…

A

stay inside the nucleus

40
Q

Exons…

A

exit the nucleus

41
Q

Alternative Splicing Definition

A

variations in the way axons are spliced

–allows for a variety of proteins to be made from one gene

42
Q

Ribosomes are located…

A
  • outside the nucleus
  • rough ER
  • nuclear envelope
43
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A
  • read mRNA- build the protein

- facilitate pairings between codons and anticodons of tRNA

44
Q

What happens at the p-binding site?

A

amino acid chain is growing

45
Q

what happens at the a-binding site?

A

newly arrived tRNA comes in

46
Q

what happens at the e-binding site?

A

exit

47
Q

What are the three steps of translation?

A
  • initiation
  • elongation
  • termination
48
Q

What happens during initiation?

A
  • A small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA; an initiator tRNA pairs with the mRNA start codon: AUG
  • The large ribosomal subunit completes the ribosome. Initiator tRNA occupies the P site. The A site is ready for the next tRNA
49
Q

What happens during elongation?

A

-ribosome slides to read next codon
-releases initiator tRNA (now at E site)
-next tRNA (anticodon) binds at the A site
-peptide bond form between growing amino acid chain
(process repeats until stop codon reached)

50
Q

What happens during termination?

A
  • The ribosome comes to a stop codon on the mRNA. A release factor binds to the site
  • The release factor hydrolyzes the bond between the last tRNA at the P site and the polypeptide, releasing them. The ribosomal subunit dissociate.
51
Q

What happens during translation?

A
  • some proteins packaged others exported
  • proteins headed for secretion are made on ribosomes on the rough ER
  • –newly made protein is threaded into rough ER
  • —–modified and packaged into a transport vesicle
52
Q

Chaperone Protein Definition

A
  • old proteins that are designed to help primary structure to fold into its proper form
  • prevents improper association
53
Q

What do stress proteins or heat-shocked proteins do?

A

-help damaged proteins fold back to functional form

54
Q

How does protein processing and secretion work?

A

To work- primary structure must fold into precise secondary/ tertiary structures

55
Q

What happens when translation is finished?

A

primary structure and amino acid sequence is formed

56
Q

How are proteins to be used in the cytosol made?

A

Made by free ribosomes in cytosol

57
Q

Where are proteins destined for packaging into lysosome for secretion from the cell assembled?

A

Assembled in the rough ER/ Golgi complex

58
Q

What is going on inside the ER?

A

a complex system of channels (cisternae) enclosed by a membrane

59
Q

Rough ER Definition

A

Parallel, flattened sacs

  • -continuous with outer membrane of the nuclear envelope
  • -studded with ribosomes
  • —produces phospholipids/proteins that go to the cell membrane
60
Q

What does the rough ER form?

A

forms transport vesicles

61
Q

Where do transport vesicles go for further modification?

A
  • golgi complex

- -cell membrane

62
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

system of cisternae (“transfer station”)

63
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus synthesize?

A
  • carbs

- finishing touches on proteins

64
Q

Where are vesicles sorted and repackaged?

A

Golgi apparatus

65
Q

How does the Golgi apparatus modify newly synthesized proteins?

A

Receives newly synthesized proteins from rough ER

–modifies via splicing (cutting amino acid sequence) and adding/removing sugars

66
Q

Where do proteins assemble?

A

on surface of ER

67
Q

How are proteins assembled?

A

-threaded through a pore in the ER membrane not cisterna

68
Q

What happens in post-transitional modification?

A
  • remove amino acid segments
  • fold protein
  • stabilized protein
  • -disulfide bonds
  • add carbohydrates
69
Q

What happens when the rough ER is finished with protein processing?

A

a transport vesicle would bubble off of surface of rough ER and carry the protein to the Golgi complex

70
Q

What happens when the protein is transported to the Golgi apparatus?

A

further modification go protein and carbohydrates added

71
Q

After proteins are done modifying at the Golgi apparatus, what happens?

A

proteins bud off into cytoplasm

–some then become lysosomes or migrate to the cell membrane

72
Q

Genes can be turned __ and __

Some cells can even turn some genes ____ ____

A
  • on
  • off
  • permanently off
73
Q

True or false:

cells can turn genes on only when needed

A

True

this can be controlled by chemical messengers such as hormones

74
Q

What are enzymes?

easy definition and official definition

A
  • protein catalyst

- biological catalyst that enable biochemical reactions to occur rapidly at normal body temperature

75
Q

What can enzymes do?

A
  1. increase the rate of a reaction
  2. reusable- not changed by reaction
  3. doesn’t change the nature of the reaction (could occur, super slow)
  4. lower the activation energy
  5. enzymes work fast
76
Q

Activation energy definition

A

energy required for a reaction to occur

77
Q

what happens with activation energy?

A
  • orient substrate molecules in a precise way
  • rearrange the electrons in the substrate
  • strain the bond of substrate (force closer together, force reaction)
78
Q

Why must enzymes come into contact with reactants (substrates)?

A

1) Substrate binds to enzyme
2) From enzyme - substrate complex
3) Break down –> products/enzyme

79
Q

What happens in the first step of enzymatic reactions?

A
  1. Substrate becomes bound to the enzyme

- -binds on active site (region where substrate binds to)

80
Q

What happens in the second step of enzymatic reactions?

A
  1. Enzyme-substrate complex

lock-and-key and Induced fit

81
Q

What are the two models of the enzyme substrate complex?

A
  1. Lock-and-key –> enzyme substrate fit specifically

2. Induced fit –> shape change

82
Q

What happens in the third step of enzymatic reactions?

A
  1. Breaks down to release products and enzyme

- -bond broken by hydrolysis = reaction products

83
Q

How is the concentration of enzymes measured?

A

Via rate of conversion of substrate to product- rate of enzyme activity

84
Q

What is the rate of enzyme activity?

A

how quickly a product is produced

85
Q

What can effect the rate of enzyme activity (rate at which substrates are converted to products)

A
  • temperature and pH
  • concentration of cofactor/coenzymes
  • concentration of enzyme itself
  • concentration of substrate
  • influence of products on the ability of others to take place
86
Q

What specifically does temperature and pH do to enzyme activity?

A
  • Can alter the ability of enzyme to bind to substrate
  • enzymes vary in optimum pH
  • Temperature optimum for human enzymes (37 degrees C)
87
Q

Some metal ions function as ____ for enzymes

A

cofactors

bind to enzyme –> change the conformation

88
Q

Some organic molecules function as ____ - directly participate as a substrate in a chemical reaction

A

coenzymes

89
Q

What do transfer stations do?

A

Move molecules around and detect transporters

90
Q

What does the mitochondria contain and what is it surrounded by?

A
  • Organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP
  • Surrounded by a double membrane (inner membrane - folds and spaces and matrix- contains ribosomes, enzymes for ATP synthesis, and mitochondrial DNA
91
Q

What is most important for energy transfer molecule?

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

92
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP is catalyzed by ____

A

Adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases)

93
Q

Phosphorylation Definition and Equation

A

-Addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

ATP + H20 —(ATPase—> ADP + Pi + Energy

94
Q

What does instability do in the use and production of ATP?

A

instability is the effective energy carrier

95
Q

What does glycolysis do and where does it take place?

A
  • splits glucose into pyruvate

- happens in the cytosol

96
Q

What is Aerobic Respiration apart of and where does it take place?

A
  • Citric Acid Cycle

- Electron Transport Chain

Mammalian Physiology 318 (11 decks)

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