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Mammalian Physiology 318 > Endocrine System (2) > Flashcards

Endocrine System (2) Flashcards

Exam 2

1
Q

What is the endocrine system made up of?

A

glands
tissues
cells

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2
Q

What do glands/tissues/cells do?

A

secrete hormones

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3
Q

communication and coordination is critical for ___

A

homeostasis

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4
Q

What are the 5 things the endocrine system regulates?

A
  • growth and development
  • metabolism
  • water balance
  • reproduction
  • stress responses
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5
Q

Endocrine glands are traditional sources of ____

A

hormones

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6
Q

What are hormones?

A
  • chemical messengers
  • secreted into blood
  • target cells (specific receptors)
  • distant organs or cells
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7
Q

What is endocrinology?

A

study of endocrine system

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8
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A
  • ducts
  • epithelial surface or mucosa
  • extracellular effects (food digestion)
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9
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A
  • ductless, release into blood

- intracellular effects (cell metabolism)

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10
Q

What are characteristics of the nervous system?

A
  • chemical and electrical signals
  • neurotransmitters at synapse
  • starts and stops quickly
  • targets specific organ
  • usually local, specific effects
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11
Q

Characteristics of endocrine system?

A
  • chemical signals only
  • hormones into the blood
  • slower to start and stop
  • hormones go everywhere
  • typically general, widespread effects
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12
Q

What are neuroendocrine cells?

A

don’t exclusively categorize as neurons or gland cells

-like neurons but release secretions into bloodstream (hormones secreted by specialized neurons such as oxytocin)

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13
Q

What regulates each other and coordinates activities?

A
  • neurons influence hormone secretion

- hormones stimulate/inhibit neurons

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14
Q

What do the hypothalamus and pituitary gland do?

A
  • regulates more functions than any other gland
  • function of other endocrine glands dependent on signals from hypothalamus/pituitary
  • important link in neural and hormonal regulation
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15
Q

What “fundamental functions” does the hypothalamus regulate?

A
  • water balance
  • libido and childbirth
  • hunger
  • circadian rhythm
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16
Q

The hypothalamus functions through the ____ ____

A

pituitary gland

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17
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

suspends pituitary from hypothalamus

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18
Q

What are the two structures of the pituitary?

A
  1. Anterior Pituitary (anterior lobe)

2. Posterior Pituitary (posterior lobe)

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19
Q

Two facts about the anterior pituitary?

A
  • 3/4s of pituitary

- origin: pouch in roof of embryonic pharynx (throat)

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20
Q

Two facts about the posterior pituitary?

A
  • down-growth from brain (hypothalamus)

- retains connection to brain

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21
Q

What connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary?

A

a network fo small blood vessels

22
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

A

Blood flows from one capillary bed to another (rare)

  • hypothalamus sends chemical signals (hormones) into primary capillaries
  • travel a short distance (portal venules) to anterior pituitary
  • leave bloodstream through secondary capillary network (stimulate or inhibit anterior pituitary
23
Q

Hypothalamic hormones regulate anterior pituitary cells by….

A

hypothalamic- resealing and -inhibiting hormones

24
Q

What happens between the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary?

A
  • controlled by hypothalamic nuclei
  • neurosomas produce hormones
  • nerve cell axons to infundibulum to posterior lobe
25
True or False | nerve tissues is a true gland
False | nerve tissue is not a true gland
26
How many hormones are produced by the hypothalamus?
Eight
27
How many hormones regulate the anterior pituitary?
six
28
What do releasing hormones do?
-stimulate anterior pituitary to secrete hormones
29
What do inhibiting hormones do?
-suppress pituitary output
30
What two hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary?
- oxytocin | - antidiuretic hormone
31
What are the six hormones synthesized by the anterior pituitary?
1. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 2. Lutenizing Hormone (LH) 3. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) 4. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) 5. Prolactin (PRL) 6. Growth Hormone (GH)
32
What does FSH do?
- stimulates maturation of follicles containing eggs | - stimulates production of sperm
33
What does LH do?
- stimulates ovulation | - testes to secrete testosterone
34
What does TSH do?
-stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete the thyroid hormone
35
What does ACTH do?
-stimulates adrenal cortex
36
What does PRL do?
-stimulates mammary glands to synthesize milk (after birth)
37
What does GH do?
- promotes tissue growth - -mobilizes energy from fat - -raises levels of electrolytes - -stimulates protein synthesis, mitosis, and cellular differentiation
38
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulates the secretion of ___
ACTH
39
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates the secretion of ___
TSH (and PRL)
40
Growth Hormone- releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulates the secretion of ___
GH
41
Somatostatin (SST) inhibits the secretion of ___
GH (and TSH)
42
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the secretion of ___
LH and FSH
43
Dopamine (DA)/ prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) inhibits the secretion of ___
PRL
44
Negative Feedback Inhibition Example
Chain of signals in TH release: 1. hypothalamus secretes TRH to stimulate pituitary 2. pituitary secretes TSH to stimulate thyroid 3. thyroid responds by secreting TH 4. TH - feedback to both hypothalamus and pituitary - reduce TRH and TSH - keeps thyroid hormone in check
45
What two hormones are released when hypothalamic neurons are stimulated?
``` Oxytocin (OT) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) ``` (both are stored and released by the posterior pituitary)
46
Yes or No | Does the posterior pituitary synthesize OT and ADH?
No
47
What does Oxytocin (OT) do?
-stimulates uterine smooth muscle contractions | contractions during labor and within mammary glands
48
What does the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) do?
regulates fluid balance | -stimulates kidneys to retina water/reduce urine output
49
What do neuroendocrine reflexes do?
release of hormones in response to nerve signals
50
True and False | oxytocin is a positive feedback control
True

Mammalian Physiology 318 (11 decks)

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