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Cardio Exam 1 > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

neurotransmitters synthesized by

A
  • pre-synaptic neuron
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2
Q

neurotransmitters packaged into

A
  • synaptic vesicles
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3
Q

neurotransmitters released by

A
  • Ca2+ regulated exocytosis of neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic cleft
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4
Q

major neurotransmitters

A
  • acetylcholine
  • amino acids
  • amino acid derived
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5
Q

amino acid neurotransmitters

A
  • glutamate
  • GABA
  • glycine
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6
Q

amino acid derived

A
  • serotonin

- catecholamines

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7
Q

catecholamines

A
  • NE
  • EPI
  • dopamine
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8
Q

acetylcholine found in

A
  • somatic motor neurons
  • basal ganglia neurons
  • ANS
  • basal nucleus of meynert
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9
Q

basal ganglia neurons use acetylcholine for

A
  • modulator of motor coordination
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10
Q

basal nucleus of meynert - what part makes acetylcholine

A
  • neurons in basal forebrain
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11
Q

basal nucleus of meynert - what is acetylcholine used for?

A
  • facilitating memory
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12
Q

clinical application of acetylcholine

A
  • treatment of Alzheimer’s and dementia
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13
Q

is glutamate excitatory or inhibitory?

A
  • excitatory
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14
Q

where is glutamate found?

A
  • spinal cord
  • brainstem
  • cerebellum
  • hippocampus
  • cerebral cortex
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15
Q

role of glutamate

A
  • excitation of cognitive, motor, and sensory function
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16
Q

glutamate often implicated in

A
  • excitotoxicity
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17
Q

excitotoxicity

A
  • neurons under stress die when overly excited
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18
Q

clinical application of glutamate

A
  • Rx of ALS
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19
Q

GABA is excitatory or inhibitory

A
  • inhibitory
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20
Q

GABA found

A
  • interneurons throughout CNS
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21
Q

GABA function

A
  • sedation and muscle relaxation
  • cardiovascular and respiratory function
  • spinal reflexes
  • pain perception
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22
Q

clinical application of GABA

A
  • Rx of anxiety
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23
Q

glycine (excitatory/inhibitory)

A

inhibitory (Cl-)

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24
Q

glycine located in

A
  • CNS

- spinal cord interneurons

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25
Q

clinical application of glycine

A
  • Rx of spasticity
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26
Q

another name for serotonin

A
  • 5-HT
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27
Q

serotonin synthesized in

A
  • raphe nuclei
  • pineal gland

SARAH AND RAPH GOT TOGETHER IN THE PINEAL GLAND IF YOU KNOW WHAT I’M SAYING

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28
Q

serotonin associated with

A
  • limbic function

- sleep

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29
Q

clinical application of serotonin

A
  • treatment for depression
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30
Q

important enzyme in synthetic pathway of catecholamines

A
  • tyrosine hydroxylase
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31
Q

NE found in

A
  • sympathetic nervous sytem

- locus ceruleus

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32
Q

locus ceruleus located in

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • LIKE CERULEAN CITY IN POKEMON WHERE MISTY WAS FROM AND SHE WAS HELLA CEREBRAL

ALSO CER AND CER LIKE HOW TF COULD YOU MISS THIS

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33
Q

locus ceruleus projects to

A
  • all over cerebral cortex
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34
Q

locus ceruleus role

A
  • mediates arousal
  • attention
  • anxiety
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35
Q

raphe nuclei are located in

A
  • brainstem

THE BRAINSTEM IS LIKE THE POLE OF THE BRAIN AND MY BOY RAPH HOPPED ON THE POLE LAST YEAR AT THE STRIP CLUB

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36
Q

raphe nucleus project axons to

A
  • all CNS regions
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37
Q

clinical application of NE

A
  • Rx of ADHD
38
Q

dopamine synthesized by

A
  • substantia nigra
39
Q

substantia nigra axons project to

A
  • basal ganglia
40
Q

substantia nigra in Parkinson’s

A
  • they degenerate
41
Q

dopamine found in

A
  • brainstem

- hypothalamus

42
Q

dopamine in brainstem important for

A
  • reward
  • pleasure
  • addiction
43
Q

dopamine in schizophrenia

44
Q

dopamine in hypothalamus important for

A
  • release by pituitary to inhibit release of prolactin
45
Q

dopamine treatment for

A
  • Rx of schizophrenia

- Rx of Parkinson’s disease

46
Q

two types of neurotransmitter receptors

which is the largest category?

A
  • ionotropic

- metabotropic (largest category)

47
Q

ionotropic receptor

A
  • an ion channel that alters the voltage of the post synaptic cell
48
Q

metabotropic receptor

A
  • triggers second messenger pathways that media cell’s response
49
Q

excitatory receptors that have ionotropic receptors

A
  • glutamate
  • Ach
  • 5-HT
  • ATP
50
Q

inhibitory receptors that have ionotropic receptors

A
  • GABA

- glycine

51
Q

excitatory receptors are (cation/anion) selective

  • which influx
A
  • cation

- Na+ or Ca2+ influx

52
Q

excitatory receptors effect on cell

A
  • depolarization of the postsynaptic cell
53
Q

inhibitory receptors are (cation/anion) selective

  • which influx
A
  • anion

- Cl- influx

54
Q

inhibitory receptors effect on cell

A
  • hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell
55
Q

metabotropic receptor examples

A
  • alpha 1 and 2
  • beta 1 and 2
  • M2 and M3
56
Q

some second messenger pathways

A
  • adenylyl cyclase
  • phopholipase C
  • gunnel cyclase
  • phospholipase A2
  • G protein coupled K channels
57
Q

adenylyl cyclase associated with

58
Q

cAMP pathways

A
  • PKA

- CNG channels

59
Q

phopholipase C associated with

A
  • IP3 and DAG
60
Q

IP3 and DAG channels

A
  • intracellular Ca2+

- PKC

61
Q

guanylyl cyclase associated with

62
Q

cGMP channels

A
  • PKG and CNG channels
63
Q

phopholipase A2 associated with

A
  • Arachidonic acid and its metabolites
64
Q

receptors of acetylcholine

A
  • ionotropic

- metabotropic

65
Q

ionotropic receptors of acetylcholine

excitatory/inhibitory

A
  • nicotinic

- excitatory

66
Q

metabotropic receptors of acetylcholine

excitatory/inhibitory

A
  • muscarinic

- excitatory or inhibitory

67
Q

glutamate receptors

A
  • ionotropic

- metabotropic

68
Q

ionotropic receptors of glutamate

excitatory/inhibitory

A
  • AMPA
  • NMDA
  • Kainate

excitatory

69
Q

metabotropic receptors of glutamate

excitatory/inhibitory

A
  • increase cAMP via Gs
  • increase IP3 and DAG via Gq
  • excitatory
70
Q

GABA receptors

A
  • ionotropic

- metabotropic

71
Q

ionotropic receptors of GABA

excitatory/inhibitory

A
  • GABA_A receptors

- inhibitory

72
Q

GABA_A receptors modulate

A
  • ligand gated Cl- channel
73
Q

metabotropic receptors of GABA

excitatory/inhibitory

A
  • GABA_B receptors

- inhibitory

74
Q

GABA_B receptors role

A
  • decrease cAMP

- increase K+ permeability via Gi

75
Q

serotonergic receptors

A
  • ionotropic

- metabotropic

76
Q

ionotropic serotonergic receptors

excitatory/inhibitory

A
  • 5-HT3

- excitatory

77
Q

metabotropic serotonergic receptors

excitatory/inhibitory

A
  • 5-HT1
  • 5-HT2
  • 5-HT4-7
  • excitatory and inhibitory
78
Q

role of metabotropic serotonergic receptors

A
  • some decrease cAMP via Gi
  • some increase cAMP via Gs
  • some increase IP3 and DAG via Gq
79
Q

adrenergic receptors

A
  • metabotropic only
80
Q

adrenergic metabotropic receptors

excitatory/inhibitory

A
  • alpha 1 - excitatory
  • alpha 2 - inhibitory
  • beta 1 - excitatory
  • beta 2 - inhibitory
81
Q

a1 receptors role

A
  • increase IP3 and DAG via Gq
82
Q

a2 receptors role

A
  • decrease cAMP via Gi
83
Q

beta receptors role

A
  • increase cAMP via Gs
84
Q

adrenergic receptors are expressed where

A
  • in brain

- pre and post synaptically

85
Q

dopamine receptors

A
  • metabotropic only
86
Q

dopamine metabotropic receptors

excitatory/inhibitory

A
  • D1 - excitatory

- D2 - inhibitory

87
Q

role of D1

A
  • increase cAMP via Gs
88
Q

role of D2

A
  • decrease cAMP via Gi
89
Q

dopamine receptors expressed where

A
  • widely in brain

- pre and post synaptically

90
Q

neuropeptides have what type of activity

A
  • receptor mediated activity
91
Q

gases and other lipid soluble compounds have what type of activity

A
  • retrograde activity

- modulate release of other neurotransmitter

92
Q

glycine receptors

A
  • ionotropic only

Cardio Exam 1 (25 decks)

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