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Cardio Exam 1 > Basic Concepts in Physiology > Flashcards

Basic Concepts in Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are excitable tissues?

A
  • tissues composed of cells that are capable of producing action potentials
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2
Q

definition of homeostasis

A
  • a relatively stable condition of the internal environment that results from regulatory system actions
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3
Q

the average adult male weighs how much

A
  • 70 kg

- 154 lb

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4
Q

total body water is

A
  • 42 L
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5
Q

water is what percent of body weight

A
  • 55-60%
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6
Q

total body water divided into what compartments?

A
  • intracellular

- extracellular

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7
Q

volume of intracellular compartment compared to extracellular compartment

A
  • about 2x
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8
Q

blood fills which compartment

A
  • blood spans both intracellular and extracellular fluid
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9
Q

plasma exchanges with

A
  • interstitial fluid
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10
Q

interstitial fluid exchanges with

A
  • intracellular fluid
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11
Q

osmolarity

A
  • the total solute concentration of a solution regardless of the chemical composition of the solutes
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12
Q

osmolarity is measured in

A
  • osmoles/L
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13
Q

1 osmole =

A
  • 1 mole of solute
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14
Q

1 osmole/L =

A
  • 1 Osm
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15
Q

Osmolarity of NaCl

A
  • 2
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16
Q

osmolarity of CaCL2

A
  • 3
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17
Q

the osmolarity of a human cell is

A
  • 275-295
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18
Q

less than 275 mOsm

A
  • hypoosmotic
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19
Q

275-295 mOsm

A
  • isoosmotic
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20
Q

more than 295 mOsm

A
  • hyper osmotic
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21
Q

how is osmotic concentration expressed clinically

A
  • osmolality = osmoles/kg
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22
Q

effective osmolarity =

A
  • tonicity
23
Q

water concentration in regard to osmolarity

A
  • higher osmolarity has lower water concentration
24
Q

water versus solute permeability in a cell

A
  • water is permeable

- solutes are not

25
Q

what happens in a hypertonic solution?

A
  • cell shrinks
26
Q

what happens in an isotonic solution?

A
  • no change in cell volume
27
Q

what happens in a hypotonic solution?

A
  • cell swells
28
Q

one of the most powerful features of the cell

A
  • separation of charges across a semipermeable membrane
29
Q

intracellular anions are mostly

A
  • protein
30
Q

extracellular anions are mostly

A
  • Cl-
31
Q

which cation is mostly prevalent inside the cell

A
  • K+
32
Q

which cation is mostly prevalent outside of the cell?

A
  • Na+
33
Q

concentration gradient of K+

A
  • from inside of cell to outside
34
Q

electrical gradient of K+

A
  • develop inside negative membrane potential
35
Q

result of negativity inside membrane

A
  • begins to oppose further diffusion of K out of the cell
36
Q

result of buildup of positive charge on outside of membrane

A
  • begins to oppose further diffusion of K out of the cell
37
Q

Nernst equation helps us determine

A
  • equilibrium potential for a given ion
38
Q

Nernst equation

A
  • Ex=(60/z) * log(X out/X in)

x = is ion
z = charge of ion
X out = concentration of x in ECF
X in = concentration of X in cytoplasm

39
Q

when does the Nernst equation apply

A
  • when a membrane is permeable to only one ion
40
Q

equilibrium potential for K+

A

-85.6 mV

41
Q

equilibrium potential for Na+

A

+59 mV

42
Q

equilibrium potential for Ca2+

A

+122 mV

43
Q

equilibrium potential for Cl-

A

-82 -> -46 mV

44
Q

biological membranes are permeable to

A
  • not typically permeable to only one ion
45
Q

2 major factors for determinants of membrane potential at any given time

A
  • ion gradients

- relative permeability of membrane to those ions

46
Q

Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation applies to

A
  • multiple ions and their permeabilities
47
Q

resting Em Na+ and K+ channels

A
  • some Na+ and some K+ channels are open
48
Q

Em in resting Em

A
  • is between E_Na and E_K
  • closer to E_K
  • generally -40 -> and -85 mV
49
Q

which ion has greater permeability at rest

A
  • permeability of K
50
Q

where does Na move in regard to the cell

A
  • moves into the cell
51
Q

where does K move in regard to the cell

A
  • moves out of the cell
52
Q

what happens in ATP formation is impaired

A
  • gradients decrease which changes Em
53
Q

changes in Em are signals used by

A
  • excitable cells
54
Q

where does Ca2+ move in regard to the cell?

A
  • moves into the cell

Cardio Exam 1 (25 decks)

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