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COM - Neuro > Neurotransmitter Systems - Karius 3/22 > Flashcards

Neurotransmitter Systems - Karius 3/22 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central location of NE?

Fx?

Metabotropic receptors?

Made from what?

A

Pons/Brainstem

Wakefulness

Alpha and beta adrenergics

Tyrosine

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2
Q

What is the central location of Epi?

Fx?

Metabotropic receptors?

Made from what?

A

Brainstem

Wakefulness

Alpha and beta adrenergics

Tyrosine

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3
Q

What is the central location of Serotonin?

Fx?

Metabotropic receptors?

Made from what?

A

Brainstem (Raphe nucleus)

Mood, wakefulness

5HT6 - mood

Trp

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4
Q

What is the central location of Histamine?

Fx?

Metabotropic receptors?

Made from what?

A

Hypothalamus

Waking

H1 and H2

Histidine

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5
Q

What ionotropic receptors does serotonin have?

Responsible for what?

A

5HT3

Vomiting

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6
Q

Where is Ach located?

Fx?

A

Pons, midbrain, striatum

Wakefulness, REM sleep, control voluntary motion

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7
Q

Where is Ach stored?

How is it moved?

How is it degraded?

A

Clear vesicles

VAchT

Acetylcholinesterase

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8
Q

What is M1 found in, what mechanism does it act through?

M2?

M3?

A

Neuronal, Gq

Cardiac, Gi

Smooth m. Of bronchi, vasculature, endothelial cells of vasculature, Gq

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9
Q

What is M4 found in, what mechanism does it act through?

M5?

A

glands, Gi

INC IP3/DAG

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10
Q

What kind of receptors does Ach bind to?

Where are they located?

What subunits?

A

Nicotinic

NMJ, autonomic ganglia, other parts of CNS

Alpha(1-9), beta(2-5), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1)

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11
Q

What are the Metabotropic receptors for Ach?

Ionotropic?

A

Muscarinic

Nicotinic

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12
Q

Where is GABA located?

Fx?

A

Higher CNS - cerebellum, cortex, retina

Major inhibitory nt in higher CNS
Critical for consciousness and control voluntary motion

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13
Q

How is GABA made?

How is degraded?

A

GAD, derived from glutamate

Reuptake
Catabolism by GABA-transaminase

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14
Q

What kind of receptor is GABA(A)?

What else about it?

A

Ionotropic

Cl conductance

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15
Q

What kind of receptors is GABA(B)?

Acts through what mechanism?

A

Metabotropic GPCR

Heterotrimeric Gqi(DEC IP3 and DEC Ca influx) and Gi

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16
Q

What does benzodiazepine potentiate?

A

GABA (A)

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17
Q

Where is glycine found?

Fx?

A

Spinal cord and Brainstem (lower CNS)

Spinal inhibition of reflexes

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18
Q

Is the glycine receptor ionotropic or Metabotropic?
What mech?

What subunits and fxs do they have?

A

Ionotropic with Cl- going in

alpha-glycine binding
Beta-structural

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19
Q

What can block the glycine receptor?

A

Strychnine

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20
Q

What neurotransmitters are released from opioid family of peptides?

A 
NEED
Nociceptin
Endorphins
Enkephalins
dynorphins
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21
Q

Where are the opioid peptides located?

Fx?

A

Basal ganglia, hypothalamus, parabrachial nuclei, Raphe nuclei

Modify nociceptive inputs and modify mood

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22
Q

What is proenkephalin a precursor molecule for?

What 2 forms?

A

Enkephalins

Met and Leu

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23
Q

What is Pro-opomelanocortinin (POMC) a precursor molecule for?

A

Beta-endorphins

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24
Q

What is prodynorphin a precursor molecule for?

A

3 molecules of Leu-enkephalins

Dynorphins (1-8 and 1-17)

25
Q

What is Orphanin FQ a precursor molecule for?

A

Nociceptin

26
Q

How are opioid peptides made?

Destroyed?

A

DNA/RNA protein synthesis

Enkephalinase A and B
Aminopeptidase

27
Q

What do the mu receptors do?

A 
Analgesia
Respiratory depression
Euphoria
Sedation
Constipation

CARES

28
Q

What do the kappa receptors do?

A

Analgesia
Dysphoria
Diuresis
Miosis

29
Q

What do the delta receptors do?

A

Analgesia

30
Q

What do the opioid receptors inhibit?

What kind are they?

A

Adenylyl cyclase

Serpentine

31
Q

What indirect ion effects do mu receptors have?

Kappa an Delta?

A

K+ effluent and hyperpolarize

Decrease calcium

32
Q

What are the 2 endcocannabinoids?

A

Anandamide

2-Arachidonylglycerol

33
Q

What makes up anandamide?

A

Arachidonic acid + ethanolamine

34
Q

What makes up 2-Arachidonylglycerol?

A

Arachidonic acid esterified into middle position of glycerol

35
Q

4 locations and associated functions of endocannabinoids?

A

Hippocampus - memory
Basal ganglia - affect/motor
Spinal cord - modulation of nociception
Neocortex - neuroprotective

36
Q

CB-1 receptor is what kind of receptor?

What does it do?

Binds to what?

A

Gi of excitatory a.a. Or GABA

Reduces nt release

Both endocannabinoids

37
Q

Where is CB-2 receptor found?

Fx?

A

Microglia in brain, immune system, and gut

Anti-inflammatory and in brain causes macrophages to remove B-amyloid

38
Q

What is the central location of dopamine?

Fx?

Metabotropic receptors?

Made from what?

A

Basal Ganglia and VTA

Motor control, pleasure, consciousness

D1, D2, D3

Tyrosine

39
Q

Do nts travel by slow or fast axon all transport?

Mitochondria?

Ion channels and receptors?

A

Fast

Slow

Slow

40
Q

What is the RLS in catecholamines nt synthesis?

A

tyrosine -> L-dopa

Tyrosine hydroxylase

41
Q

NE -> Epi with what enzyme?

A

PNMT

42
Q

What are the 4 major pathways in the brain that utilize dopamine as their nt? And functions

A

Substantia nigra dopaminergic - motor control (Parkinson’s)
Mesolimbic - pleasure/reward and addiction
Mesocortical - consciousness, if fucked then schizophrenia
Tuberinfundibular - supress prolactin release

43
Q

Where is NE stored?

Fx?

A

Nucleus ceruleus

Waking up

44
Q

What releases Epi?

A

Adrenal medulla

45
Q

What moves catecholamines into vesicles? Where are they found specifically?

A

VMAT1 - adrenal medulla

VMAT2 - neuronal form

46
Q

What reduces the amount of mono amines that are packaged into vesicles?

Tx for what?

A

Reserpine

HTN

47
Q

What dopamine receptors activate the Gs pathway?

A

D1 and D5 -> D1 like

48
Q

What dopamine receptors activate the Gi pathway?

A

D2, D3, D4 -> D2-like

49
Q

What are the true D1 and D2 receptors innervated by?

Involved in what?

A

Substantia nigra

Normal control of motion

50
Q

D1 receptor activation fx?

D2?

D3?

A

Voluntary motion

Inhibits motion

Pleasure/reward

51
Q

What enzymes will destroy catecholamines in the synaptic cleft?

What other mechanism of destruction?

A

MAO and COMT

Reuptake

52
Q

What is the only ionotropic receptor of serotonin?

A

5-HT3

53
Q

What is the 5-HT1 receptor?

5-HT2?

A

Gi

Gq

54
Q

What receptors are associated with vomiting?

High affinity for anti-depressants?

Control normal body weight and prevent seizures?

A

5-HT3

5-HT6

5-HT2c

55
Q

How is serotonin removed from the synaptic cleft?

A

MAO

56
Q

What are the types of histamine receptors?

Which ones are found presynaptically?

A

H1, H2, H3

H3

57
Q

What receptors mediate the neuronal effects of histamine?

A

H1 and H2

58
Q

What degrades histamine?

A

Diamine oxidase

COM - Neuro (13 decks)

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