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Neuro 1 Exam 2 > Neurotransmitter Systems > Flashcards

Neurotransmitter Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Where does acetylcholine play a major role?

A

Striatum in Caudate putamen.

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2
Q

What is the function of the striatum?

A

Control of voluntary motion

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3
Q

What is the function of midbrain and pons?

A

Baseline excitation to cortex, REM sleep

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4
Q

How is ACh moved into clear vesicles?

A

VAchT

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5
Q

How is Ach removed from synaptic trough?

A

AChE

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6
Q

What are the two inhibitory amino acids

A

Glycine and GABA

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7
Q

Where is GABA distributed?

A

Increases in concentration from spinal cord to brain

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8
Q

Functions of GABA

A

consciousness, motor control and vision

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9
Q

What amino acid does GABA come from?

A

Glutamate

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10
Q

Enzyme used to make GABA

A

glutamate decarboxylase

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11
Q

How is GABA transported into vesicles?

A

Vesicular GABA Transporter protien

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12
Q

How is GABA removed from synapse?

A

GAT

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13
Q

What are the two forms of GAT?

A

1: on presynaptic terminal
2: on glial cells surrounding the synapse

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14
Q

What are the binding sites on GABAa receptors?

A

Benzodiazepine, ethanol, steroids.

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15
Q

What type of receptor is GABAaR?

A

ionotropic

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16
Q

What does GABAaR do?

A

activation produces ipsp

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17
Q

Function of extra-synaptic GABAaR

A

site of action for general anesthetics, including propofol.

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18
Q

What type of receptor is GABAbR

A

metabotropic

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19
Q

Where is GABAbR located

A

presynaptic: regulate NT release
postsynaptic: inhibition of post synaptic cell

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20
Q

What is coupled on GABAbR?

A

Gi/Go protein coupled

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21
Q

Function GABAbR

A

activate K channel, inhibits Ca channel

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22
Q

Function of Gly

A

mediates spinal inhibitions

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23
Q

How is Gly removed from synaspe

A

GAT proteins; recycling

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24
Q

What type of receptor is receptive to Gly

A

Ionotropic

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25
Q

What else can bind to GlyR

A

Ethanol and general anesthetics; stychnine blocks it.

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26
Q

What happens on GlyR

A

Chloride influxes, causes ipsp

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27
Q

Where is ATP/purines stored?

A

VNUT protein

28
Q

ATP is primarily found in

A

cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, basal ganglia

29
Q

Two types of purine receptors

A

P1 and P2

30
Q

What is the ligand that affects P1

A

adenosine

31
Q

What is the function of P1 on presynaptic locations

A

inhibition of neurotransmitter release

32
Q

Function of P1 on postsynapatic receptors

A

sleep induction, general inhibition of neural function

33
Q

What type of P2 receptors exist

A

P2X and P2Y

34
Q

What type of receptor is P2X

A

ionotropic

35
Q

What binds to P2X

A

ATP

36
Q

What typeof receptor is P2Y

A

metabotropic

37
Q

What binds to P2Y

A

ATP, ADP, UDP, UTP

38
Q

What is coupled on P2Y

A

Gi/Gq coupled

39
Q

Function of P2 receptors

A

Learning and memory (with EAA), modified locomotor pathways

40
Q

Where are peptide NT made?

A

In soma, transferred down the axon

41
Q

What transmitters are peptides

A

opioids, tachykinins (substance P), cholecystokinin, somatostatin

42
Q

What are the opioid peptides

A

endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins, nociceptin

43
Q

Function of opioids

A

Modify nociceptive inputs, affects mood and neurophysiology of drug addiction

44
Q

What are the four precursor molecules of opioids

A

Proopiomelanocortinin
Pro-encephalin
Pro-dynorphin
Orphanin FQ

45
Q

What is made from PCOM

A

B-Endorphins

46
Q

What is the sequence of AA in Pro-encephalin

A

YGGF-X
Metenkephalin is M
Leuenkephalin is L

47
Q

What makes up Pro-dynorphin

A

3 molecules of Leuenkephalin and dynorphin

48
Q

What is made in Orphanin FQ

A

nociceptin

49
Q

What enzymes take up the opioids

A

enkephalinase and aminopeptidase

50
Q

What is the metabotropic opioid receptor

A

Mu, Kappa and Delta

51
Q

What does activation of the Mu receptor cause

A

analgesia, respiratory depression, euphoria, constipation and sedation

52
Q

What does activation of the Kappa receptor cause

A

analgesia, dysphoria, diuresis, miosis

53
Q

What does activation of Delta receptor cause

A

Analgesia

54
Q

What does the Mu receptor lead to ionically

A

increase in potassium efflux and hyperpolarization

55
Q

What does Kappa and Delta receptors lead to ionically

A

Decrease calcium influx

56
Q

What are the endogenous endocannabinoids

A

Anadamide, 2-Arachidonylglycerol

57
Q

Endocannabinoids have effect what in the basal ganglia

A

mood and motor performance

58
Q

Endocannabinoids effect what in the spinal cord

A

modulation of nociception

59
Q

Endocannabinoids affect what in cortex

A

neuroprotection

60
Q

Endocannabinoids affect what in hippocampus

A

memory formation

61
Q

Endocannabionids affect what in hypothalamus

A

control of body energy/hunger

62
Q

What are endocannabinoids synthesized from

A

arachidonic acid

63
Q

What receptor responds to endocannabionids

A

CB1 and CB2

64
Q

Function of CB1

A

Reduces EAA and GABA release

65
Q

Function of CB2

A

antiinflammatory, also increases Beta amyloid removal

66
Q

Location of CB2

A

microglia in brain, Gut, Immune system

Neuro 1 Exam 2 (13 decks)

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