Neurotransmitter Systems

Question 1

Where does acetylcholine play a major role?

Answer 1

Striatum in Caudate putamen.

Question 2

What is the function of the striatum?

Answer 2

Control of voluntary motion

Question 3

What is the function of midbrain and pons?

Answer 3

Baseline excitation to cortex, REM sleep

Question 4

How is ACh moved into clear vesicles?

Answer 4

VAchT

Question 5

How is Ach removed from synaptic trough?

Answer 5

AChE

Question 6

What are the two inhibitory amino acids

Answer 6

Glycine and GABA

Question 7

Where is GABA distributed?

Answer 7

Increases in concentration from spinal cord to brain

Question 8

Functions of GABA

Answer 8

consciousness, motor control and vision

Question 9

What amino acid does GABA come from?

Answer 9

Glutamate

Question 10

Enzyme used to make GABA

Answer 10

glutamate decarboxylase

Question 11

How is GABA transported into vesicles?

Answer 11

Vesicular GABA Transporter protien

Question 12

How is GABA removed from synapse?

Answer 12

GAT

Question 13

What are the two forms of GAT?

Answer 13

1: on presynaptic terminal
2: on glial cells surrounding the synapse

Question 14

What are the binding sites on GABAa receptors?

Answer 14

Benzodiazepine, ethanol, steroids.

Question 15

What type of receptor is GABAaR?

Answer 15

ionotropic

Question 16

What does GABAaR do?

Answer 16

activation produces ipsp

Question 17

Function of extra-synaptic GABAaR

Answer 17

site of action for general anesthetics, including propofol.

Question 18

What type of receptor is GABAbR

Answer 18

metabotropic

Question 19

Where is GABAbR located

Answer 19

presynaptic: regulate NT release
postsynaptic: inhibition of post synaptic cell

Question 20

What is coupled on GABAbR?

Answer 20

Gi/Go protein coupled

Question 21

Function GABAbR

Answer 21

activate K channel, inhibits Ca channel

Question 22

Function of Gly

Answer 22

mediates spinal inhibitions

Question 23

How is Gly removed from synaspe

Answer 23

GAT proteins; recycling

Question 24

What type of receptor is receptive to Gly

Answer 24

Ionotropic

Question 25

What else can bind to GlyR

Answer 25

Ethanol and general anesthetics; stychnine blocks it.

Question 26

What happens on GlyR

Answer 26

Chloride influxes, causes ipsp

Question 27

Where is ATP/purines stored?

Answer 27

VNUT protein

Question 28

ATP is primarily found in

Answer 28

cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, basal ganglia

Question 29

Two types of purine receptors

Answer 29

P1 and P2

Question 30

What is the ligand that affects P1

Answer 30

adenosine

Question 31

What is the function of P1 on presynaptic locations

Answer 31

inhibition of neurotransmitter release

Question 32

Function of P1 on postsynapatic receptors

Answer 32

sleep induction, general inhibition of neural function

Question 33

What type of P2 receptors exist

Answer 33

P2X and P2Y

Question 34

What type of receptor is P2X

Answer 34

ionotropic

Question 35

What binds to P2X

Answer 35

ATP

Question 36

What typeof receptor is P2Y

Answer 36

metabotropic

Question 37

What binds to P2Y

Answer 37

ATP, ADP, UDP, UTP

Question 38

What is coupled on P2Y

Answer 38

Gi/Gq coupled

Question 39

Function of P2 receptors

Answer 39

Learning and memory (with EAA), modified locomotor pathways

Question 40

Where are peptide NT made?

Answer 40

In soma, transferred down the axon

Question 41

What transmitters are peptides

Answer 41

opioids, tachykinins (substance P), cholecystokinin, somatostatin

Question 42

What are the opioid peptides

Answer 42

endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins, nociceptin

Question 43

Function of opioids

Answer 43

Modify nociceptive inputs, affects mood and neurophysiology of drug addiction

Question 44

What are the four precursor molecules of opioids

Answer 44

Proopiomelanocortinin Pro-encephalin Pro-dynorphin Orphanin FQ

Question 45

What is made from PCOM

Answer 45

B-Endorphins

Question 46

What is the sequence of AA in Pro-encephalin

Answer 46

YGGF-X Metenkephalin is M Leuenkephalin is L

Question 47

What makes up Pro-dynorphin

Answer 47

3 molecules of Leuenkephalin and dynorphin

Question 48

What is made in Orphanin FQ

Answer 48

nociceptin

Question 49

What enzymes take up the opioids

Answer 49

enkephalinase and aminopeptidase

Question 50

What is the metabotropic opioid receptor

Answer 50

Mu, Kappa and Delta

Question 51

What does activation of the Mu receptor cause

Answer 51

analgesia, respiratory depression, euphoria, constipation and sedation

Question 52

What does activation of the Kappa receptor cause

Answer 52

analgesia, dysphoria, diuresis, miosis

Question 53

What does activation of Delta receptor cause

Answer 53

Analgesia

Question 54

What does the Mu receptor lead to ionically

Answer 54

increase in potassium efflux and hyperpolarization

Question 55

What does Kappa and Delta receptors lead to ionically

Answer 55

Decrease calcium influx

Question 56

What are the endogenous endocannabinoids

Answer 56

Anadamide, 2-Arachidonylglycerol

Question 57

Endocannabinoids have effect what in the basal ganglia

Answer 57

mood and motor performance

Question 58

Endocannabinoids effect what in the spinal cord

Answer 58

modulation of nociception

Question 59

Endocannabinoids affect what in cortex

Answer 59

neuroprotection

Question 60

Endocannabinoids affect what in hippocampus

Answer 60

memory formation

Question 61

Endocannabionids affect what in hypothalamus

Answer 61

control of body energy/hunger

Question 62

What are endocannabinoids synthesized from

Answer 62

arachidonic acid

Question 63

What receptor responds to endocannabionids

Answer 63

CB1 and CB2

Question 64

Function of CB1

Answer 64

Reduces EAA and GABA release

Question 65

Function of CB2

Answer 65

antiinflammatory, also increases Beta amyloid removal

Question 66

Location of CB2

Answer 66

microglia in brain, Gut, Immune system